background: current development of surgery is due to medical practitioners and surgeons practices and experiments throughout the history. albucasis, the muslim spanish physician in 10 century ad was one of the pioneers in surgery that had major influence by his innovations in surgical techniques, treatment approaches and invention of instruments. he introduced a type of surgical knife named mok...

This study aimed to investigate the curative effect and costs of surgical and gamma knife treatments on intractable epilepsy caused by temporal-hippocampal sclerosis. The subjects comprised patients who suffered from intractable epilepsy caused by temporal-hippocampal sclerosis and received treatment in the Department of Neurosurgery of our hospital between 2010 and 2011. After obtaining their ...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the relative socioeconomic costs of benign cranial base tumors treated with open surgery and gamma knife radiosurgery. METHODS In a retrospective study, we studied 174 patients with benign cranial base tumors, less than 3 cm in diameter (or volume less than 30 ml), admitted in the past 5 years. Group A (n = 94) underwent open surgery for removal...

one of the locations of renal artery atherosclerosis is at the orifice of the renal artery, therefore thestructure of this orifice was assessed in 6 normal, adult male dogs by light microscopy (lm) andtransmission electron microscopy (tem). for the lm study, processed tissues were embedded in paraffinand sectioned serially into 6-μm thickness. sections were stained with orcein. for the tem stud...

The countersinking process is affected by many factors including the tools and workpiece parameters. Some forming phenomena such as knife-edge affect quality of countersunk hole. Up to now, kinds research rely mainly on experiments which lead poor difficult control this process. In paper, a proposed numerical optimization developed obtain normalized This approach based response surface method (...

The term San Mai is used for the manufacture of knife blades consisting three layered steel composites. middle layer, which forms cutting edge, consists hard and on outside a soft stainless forged. Mr. Benjamin Kamon, an Austrian blacksmith, provided examined sample. Three different steels thin Ni layer are symmetrically connected (1.4301/1.3520/Ni/1.2519/Ni/1.3520/1.4301). cold work (1.2519) t...