Objective: Provide a basic understanding of concepts related to scale to serve as a foundation for understanding landscape ecology topics. Clarify commonly misused terms and concepts. Highlight importance of considering scale in resource management planning and analyses.

iranian scientific association of landscape architecture (irsala), founded in february 2013, is considered a major turning point in scientific and professional societies related to the issues of place and space. innovative human achievement and scientific knowledge as well as new approaches in confronting our surrounding environment, has resulted in the creation of landscape planning and design...

There are some problems in traditional 3D landscape construction and virtual display, such as inflexible spatial organization limitations of garden simulation reality. Virtual reality, plants geographic information systems, other technologies used. Based on parameterized method constructing scene, the main elements were, respectively, constructed rendered model, a complete scene model was forme...