As women seek lasting beauty and career advancement through breast enhancements, fuller lips, bio-identical hormone replacement, cosmetic surgery and botox injections, men are ostracized for any measure that will boost sports performance, improve virility or physical appearance. Professional athletes, for example, taking legal testosterone precursors may be asked to testify in front of the Unit...

This paper is dedicated to the empirical exploration of the welfare effect of expectations and progress per se. Using ten waves of the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, a panel household survey rich in subjective variables, the analysis suggests that for a given total stock of inter-temporal consumption, agents are more satisfied with an increasing time-profile of consumption: they seem t...

From ancient times, philosophers have been proposing theories of human rationality. More recently, many evolutionary psychologists have been conducting studies which appear to show that, under certain conditions, humans are frequently irrational, or, at least, illogical. Nevertheless, the human species has survived and thrived and thus humans must have developed reasoning capacities which work ...