A review is presented of some of the principal techniques of laser cooling and trapping that have been developed during the past 20 years. Its approach is primarily experimental, but its quantitative descriptions are consistent in notation with most of the theoretical literature. It begins with a simplified introduction to optical forces on atoms, including both cooling and trapping. Then its t...

This review discusses the progress and ongoing efforts in optical refrigeration. Optical refrigeration is a process in which phonons are removed from a solid by anti-Stokes fluorescence. The review first summarizes the history of optical refrigeration, noting the success in cooling rare-earth-doped solids to cryogenic temperatures. It then examines in detail a four-level model of rare-earth-bas...

This article presents a review of some of the principal techniques of laser cooling and trapping that have been developed during the past 20 years. Its approach is primarily experimental, but its quantitative descriptions are consistent in notation with most of the theoretical literature.

Recently the first discovery of net laser cooling of a semiconductor has been announced: a group of Singapore researchers succeeded in cooling nanometer-thick belts of cadmium sulfide (CdS) grown by chemical vapor deposition on a silicon substrate with holes etched into it to permit optical access of a green laser beam onto the belts. This method of preparing the sample is laborious and not wel...

Atomic anions are generally not amenable to optical spectroscopy because they are loosely bound systems and rarely have bound excited states. Until recently, there was only one known negative ion with a strong bound–bound electronic transition, the osmium anion Os−. The electric-dipole transition between the F9/2 ground and DJ excited state of this ion provides unique insight into the structure...

Submitted for the DAMOP14 Meeting of The American Physical Society A Promising Candidate for Laser Cooling of Negative Ions: Observations of Bound-Bound Transitions in La−1 C.W. WALTER, N.D. GIBSON, D.J. MATYAS, C.T. CROCKER, K.A. DUNGAN, B.R. MATOLA, Denison University, Granville, OH, J. ROHLÉN, University of Gothenburg, Sweden — The negative ion of lanthanum, La−, has been previously proposed...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cryogen spray cooling (CSC) has become an integral part of dermatologic laser surgery because of its ability to remove selectively large amounts of heat from human skin in short periods of time, thereby protecting the epidermis from unintended thermal injury. The objective of the present study is to investigate the extent of lateral epidermal protection afforded by a c...

M. Bussmann1, W. Wen1,2,3, D.F.A. Winters2,4, U. Schramm1, W. Nörtershäuser2,5, C. Novotny2,5, C. Geppert2,5, Th. Walther6, G. Birkl6, Th. Kühl2, C. Kozhuharov2, M. Steck2, F. Nolden2, C. Dimopoulou2, X. Ma3, and Th. Stöhlker2,4 1Forschunsgzentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, D-01328 Dresden, Germany; 2GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany; 3Institute for Modern ...