Since all sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks work by their own embedded batteries, if a node runs out of its battery, the sensor network cannot operate normally. In this situation we should employ the routing protocols which can consume the energy of nodes efficiently. Many protocols for energy efficient routing in sensor networks have been suggested but LEACH and PEGASIS are most well kn...

The key principle of this paper is to improve the whole time and to reduce the bit error rate using GA algorithm. In this research, objective and fitness function are applied in genetic algorithm to calculate the average energy of the arrangement and to make sure which block has lesser energy than average energy. Afterwards that block has been added in the result of the objective function and t...

Data delivery in harsh underwater channels consumes a higher transmission power than that terrestrial networks. However, due to the complexity of environment, energy supply nodes wireless sensor networks is usually limited by their required laborious battery replacement. Thus, consumption considered one key issues optical communication. To minimize such for nodes, much research interest has bee...

The longevity of the network and lack resources are main problems within WSN. Minimizing energy dissipation optimizing lifespan WSN real challenges in design routing protocols. Load balanced clustering increases reliability system enhances coordination between different nodes network. is one technologies dedicated to detection, sensing, monitoring physical phenomena environment. For illustratio...

The rapid development of connected devices and wireless communication has enabled several researchers to study sensor networks propose methods algorithms improve their performance. Wireless (WSN) are composed nodes deployed collect transfer data base station (BS). Sensor node is considered as the main element in this field, characterized by minimal capacities storage, energy, computing. In cons...

Air vehicles or balloons may take the responsibility for deploying sensor nodes hence leading a nomal distibuted topology. In order to improve energy-efficiency in such sensor networks, in this paper, we propose a new cluster formation algorithm named DAEEC (Density-Aware Energy-Efficient Clustering). According to the performance analysis result, the proposed DAEEC outperforms the conventional ...

Clustering protocols have proven to increase the network throughput, reduce delay in packet transfer and save energy. Hence, in this work, we propose a novel clustering protocol that uses firefly algorithm inspired approach towards improving the existing basic LEACH protocol for reduction in steady-state energy consumption, aiming to enhance the network lifetime. The simulated results prove tha...

The common goals of designing a routing algorithm is not only to reduce control packet overhead, maximise throughput and minimise the end-to-end delay, but also take into consideration the energy consumption. Scalability is an important factor in designing an efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Three metrics (power consumption, time of transmission and packet loss ra...