An ideal network window electrode for photovoltaic applications should provide an optimal surface coverage, a uniform current density into and/or from a substrate, and a minimum of the overall resistance for a given shading ratio. Here we show that metallic networks with quasi-fractal structure provides a near-perfect practical realization of such an ideal electrode. We find that a leaf venatio...

Leaf vascular system differentiation and venation patterns play a key role in transporting nutrients and maintaining the plant shape, which is an important agronomic trait for improving photosynthetic efficiency. However, there is little knowledge about the regulation of leaf vascular specification and development. Here we utilized the rice midribless mutant (dl2) to investigate the molecular c...

This paper presents a method for crowd simulation based on a biologically-motivated space colonization algorithm. This algorithm was originally introduced to model leaf venation patterns and the branching architecture of trees. It operates by simulating the competition for space between growing veins or branches. Adapted to crowd modeling, the space colonization algorithm focuses on the competi...

The present study insights into the interrelationships and taxonomic segregation of some Polypodiaceous fern taxa based on leaf architecture foliar micro-morphology. Twenty-seven species were examined valuable qualitative quantitative data obtained to generate UPGMA dendrogram. A dichotomous key differentiating was prepared. Results reveal that even though have overlapping characters, certain s...