background: as both oral and verbal apraxia are related  to vocal orofacial musculature, this study aimed at identifying brain regions impaired in cases with oral and verbal apraxia. methods:   in  this non-experimental  study,  46  left  brain damaged subjects (17 females)  aged  23–84  years,  were examined  by oral and  verbal apraxia tasks.  impaired  and spared broca’s area, insula, and mi...

objective primary central nervous system lymphoma (pcnsl) is an extremely rare condition in childhood. we report the first case of pcnsl in a child in iran. clinical presentation a nine-year-old boy was referred to mofid hospital with the history of headache of four months and seizure of 2 months duration. magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed a hyper-intense lesion in left fronto-pa...

this paper investigates learner-initiated responses to english language teachers’ referential questions and learner initiatives after teachers’ feedback moves in meaning-focused question-answer sequences to analyze how interactional practices of language teachers, their initiation and feedback moves, facilitate learner initiatives. classroom discourse research has largely neglected learner init...

background & importance: insular lobe is located at the depth of sylvian fissure and is hidden by frontal, temporal and parietal lobes in close vicinity of internal capsule and basal ganglia and adjacent to the speech centers in the dominant hemisphere. thus, radical resection of insular gliomas can be even more difficult. brain mapping techniques can be used to maximize the extent of tumor rem...

Evidence from sign language Sign language provides a unique perspective on these questions. Because signed and spoken languages share linguistic representational structure, but differ radically with respect to their surface sensory and motor forms, a comparison of the neurobiology of the two systems can lead to a better understanding of the brain organization for linguistic processing with moda...

 Carcinosarcoma is a rare type of cancer that is composed of a mixture of sarcomatous and carcinomatous elements. Pulmonary carcinosarcoma has a 25% five-year survival rate with a prognosis poorer than other non-small cell lung carcinomas. Herein, we report a case of pulmonary carcinosarcoma and its 18F-FDG PET/CT findings. A 61-year-old male patient presented with brain symptoms, including hea...

In the past, the eloquent areas could be deliberately localised by the invasive Wada test. The very rare cases of dissociated crossed speech areas were accidentally found based on the clinical symptomatology. Today functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-based imaging can be employed to non-invasively localise the eloquent areas in brain tumour patients for therapy planning. A 41-year-old,...

Phonological awareness is essential for reading, and is common to all language systems, including alphabetic languages and Japanese. This cognitive factor develops during childhood, and is thought to be associated with shifts in brain activity. However, the nature of this neurobiological developmental shift is unclear for speakers of Japanese, which is not an alphabetical language. The present ...