Scholarship on contemporary US penality has paid little attention to practices opposing the punitive trend. This study explores clemency – official acts moderating punishment and its lasting consequences as an executive back-end mechanism of leniency. To explore how is discussed at a time increasingly penal policies, I conducted qualitative analysis 36 years’ worth presidential statements from ...

Abstract. This study aimed to replicate the intuitive retributivism hypothesis, according which people’s punitive sentiments are predominantly driven by retributive concerns. Contrary prior research that focuses on how people punish offenders, this investigated individuals suspected of immoralities. Moreover, we manipulated a suspect’s power level (high/low/undefined) and stated contrasting hyp...

This paper studies the optimal degree of leniency in a bank stress test, when poorly capitalized banks engage risk shifting and banking supervisor can intervene to prevent it. The test directly provides with noisy information about whether or not is well capitalized. Furthermore, outcome a¤ects speculator's incentives acquire costly trade its shares. turn amount market available she takes her i...