Multiple (simple) context-free tree grammars are investigated, where “simple” means “linear and nondeleting”. Every multiple context-free tree grammar that is finitely ambiguous can be lexicalized; i.e., it can be transformed into an equivalent one (generating the same tree language) in which each rule of the grammar contains a lexical symbol. Due to this transformation, the rank of the nonterm...

To what extent do Modern Greek, Polish, Swedish and American English similarly lexicalize action concepts, and how similar are the semantic associations between verbs denoting natural actions? Previous results indicate cross-linguistic stability between American English, Swedish, and Polish in verbs denoting basic human body movement, mouth movements, and sound production. The research reported...

The expression of motion verbs differs between languages. The path of motion, such as crossing or entering, is more prominently featured in path-based languages such as Spanish than in manner-based languages such as English. Here, we revisit the data from a study on manner and path biases in verb lexicalization (Havasi & Snedeker, 2004), and create a hierarchical Baysian computational model to ...

Language is a system of verbal elements that makes communication of meaningspossible in the manners the users intend by employing certain linguistic deviceswhich are partly language-specific. Once communicating cross-linguistically, thereis always a risk of negative transfer of techniques or processes from the firstlanguage (L1) to the foreign language (L2). The current study investigates the“e...

Discourses on herding have focussed the "exact" representations of social actions itinerant herders who clash with farmers while grazing supposed cattle routes. Media coverage herdsmen-farmers conflict has deployed ideologically laden terms to represent as trespassing farmlands and foreigners trespassers. Using van Leeuwen's Representation Social Actions Actors model Martin White's Appraisal Fr...

This research aimed to analyze the usage of code mixing in Divortiare novel that was written by Ika Natasssa. The objective this is find out type used Novel. study a qualitative research. technique collecting data done using documentary technique. odd number chapters are as study. were analyzed Miles and Hubberman model. findings show there three types namely: insertion, congruent lexicalizatio...

Languages differ with respect to the lexicalization of the conceptual distinction between the region SUPERIOR & CONTACT (cf. English on), i.e. in a place which is higher than the place occupied by the landmark and in contact to it, and the region SUPERIOR & NON-CONTACT (cf. English above), i.e. in a place which is higher than the place occupied by the landmark and without contact to it. Both co...