Why does past moral behavior sometimes lead people to do more of the same (consistency), whereas sometimes it liberates them to do the opposite (licensing)? We organize the literature on moderators of moral consistency versus licensing effects using five conceptual themes: construal level, progress versus commitment, identification, value reflection, and ambiguity. Our review reveals that indiv...

Occupational licensure has become one of the most significant labor market regulations in the United States that also may restrict the interstate movement of workers. We analyze the interstate migration of twenty-two licensed occupations. Using an empirical strategy that controls for unobservable characteristics that drive long-distance moves, we find that individuals in occupations with state-...

I compare the welfare effects of professional licensing and certification in Shapiro’s (1986) moral hazard model of services. Shapiro (1986) shows that licensing can dominate certification, assuming that certification reveals a provider’s human capital investment exactly. This occurs if certification leads to excessive investment in human capital as a signaling device. I consider an alternative...

Content users in businesses, academic institutions, government agencies and other sectors need digital reuse rights to be able to lawfully share copyrighted materials with others. Advances in licensing are creating new opportunities for publishers and other rightsholders to address current and future needs of content users by streamlining, simplifying and integrating licensing solutions within ...

We consider a model of licensing of a non-drastic innovation in which the patent holder (an outside innovator) negotiates either up-front fixed fees or per-unit royalties with two firms producing horizontally differentiated brands and competing à la Cournot. We investigate how licensing schemes (fixed fee or per-unit royalty) and the number of licenses sold (exclusive licensing or complete tech...

River restoration is an increasing practice in terms of number of projects and investment and it will be a challenge in next decades while the Water Framework Directive is being implemented (2000/60/EC). Therefore, it is essential the assumption of some principles as minimum requirements in order to achieve success. We have developed a methodology focused on the evaluation of those projects in ...

We present an efficient mesh watermarking scheme whereby a vendor can embed purchaser-specific information (i.e. a user license) into a mesh upon the sale of the mesh. This watermark is robust to translation, rotation, uniform scaling, cropping and random perturbation of vertices (up to a threshold). Furthermore, since this method imposes only minor changes to the geometry of the model, it can ...

The Fauconnier-Ladusaw analysis of negative polarity licensing (that NPIs are licensed in the scope of downward entailing operators) continues to be the benchmark theory of negative polarity. In this paper, I consider some of the moves that are needed to maintain its basic intuition in some recalcitrant arenas: negative polarity licensing by only, adversatives, superlatives, and conditionals. W...

PURPOSE The goal of this study was to characterize the difficulty index of the items in the skills test components of the class I and II Korean emergency medical technician licensing examination (KEMTLE), which requires examinees to select items randomly. METHODS The results of 1,309 class I KEMTLE examinations and 1,801 class II KEMTLE examinations in 2013 were subjected to analysis. Items f...