The recognition of needle entry into an epidural space is a pivotal moment in cervical, thoracic, or lumbar epidural injections. Its significance cannot be overestimated. Regardless of how experienced you are, realizing that you are approaching an epidural space makes your heart beat faster. The safety of the procedure and its success rate depends upon proper and reliable identification of the ...

STUDY DESIGN A retrospective radiological study of the ligamentum flavum (LF). PURPOSE This study is an attempt to measure and compare the thickening of the LF on both the sides with the use of magnetic resonance imaging, to investigate if there is a predominant tendency to thicken a specific side and also to determine if a correlation between the thickening of the LF and increasing age exist...

Ossification of the ligamentum flavum is a pathologic condition that affects the yellow ligaments mostly in male adults between fifty to sixty years of age. Ossification is more common in the thoracic spine causing slowly progressive myeloradiculopathy. In fact, OLF is so common in East Asian countries that is regarded as a frequent aging pathology in the people of this region (3,10-15,21,22,31...

The Holarctic genus Piezura Rondani (Diptera, Fanniidae) is reviewed. Phylogenetic relationships among the species in this group, as well as the biogeography of these species, are discussed on the basis of a cladistic analysis. Piezura graminicola shanxiensis Xue, Wang and Wu, 1998 is redescribed and elevated to species rank based on comparison of its morphology and phylogenetic relationships. ...

The Yellow Wagtail, Motacilla flava Linnaeus, Motacillidae (Passeriformes : Aves) is a slender 15 16 cm long bird that inhabits open country near water such as wet meadows. Cytological investigation depicted the diploid chromosome count between 78 and 85 with 80 as modal value. No structural uncertainty was observed between macroand microchromosomes. Z W were fourth in order of size, both sub-m...

Objective: Uniportal full endoscopic thoracic surgery can be performed through transforaminal and interlaminar approaches. The approach is commonly described as unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression (TE-ULBD), which typically indicated pathologies such ossified ligamentum flavum other posteriorly based compressive pathologies. TE-ULBD decompresses the central lateral recesses of spi...

Study Design Retrospective case series. Objectives The kinematics of the cervical spine has been investigated by many researchers. However, the occupancy of the disk bulges, spinal cord, ligamentum flavum, and the rest of the canal as well as the changes of these structures with motion have not yet been investigated. The goal of this study is to investigate these dynamic changes. Methods The ki...

OBJECTIVES To investigate the incidence, distribution and radiological characteristics of dural ossification (DO) associated with ossification of ligamentum flavum (OLF) in the thoracic spine. DESIGN A retrospective radiographical analysis. SETTING This study was conducted at a single institution in China. PARTICIPANTS 53 patients with OLF who underwent posterior decompression surgery bet...

Abstract: On the basis of the materials obtained from the studies carried out from 2000 to 2015, we present the data on distribution of the Yellow Wagtail forms in the north of Western Siberia, i.e. within the overlapping boundaries of the ranges of a complex set of several polytypical forms – Motacilla flava sensu lato. Four forms have been identified here: two forms from the group of Western ...