A Bi-Level Analysis of the Effect of the Household SES and the Provincial Level of Development on Academic Deprivation among Iranian Children M. Amiri Academic deprivation (AD) among school age Iranian children is a major problem as many of them fail to go or continue to go to school for a variety of reasons.  This deprivation could be a function of factors at both the family...

We apply the Colour Family Drawing Test, as a development of the traditional black and white test, for cross-cultural comparison. The participants, aged 7 10 years, both genders, were examined individually. Each subject sat at a single table with a white rectangular card of standard size, 24 well-sharpened colour pencils, a black pencil, an eraser and other appropriate tools. S/he received this...

Water deficit and salinity, especially under high light intensity or in combination with other stresses, disrupt photosynthesis and increase photorespiration, altering the normal homeostasis of cells and cause an increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS play a dual role in the response of plants to abiotic stresses functioning as toxic by-products of stress metabolism, as well...

Experiment 1 investigates effects of different levels of start-box novelty and complexity on rats' running speed to food; Experiment 2 investigates effects of 2 degrees of goal-box novelty and complexity on the persistence of eating in the start box. Both experiments are conceptualized in a framework focusing attention on shifts from one behavior (ongoing) to another (alternative) in which late...