STUDY OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to systematically review the accuracy of the Alvarado score and Pediatric Appendicitis Score and to identify optimal cutoffs for low- and high-risk populations. METHODS We performed a systematic review of the literature and identified 26 studies of the accuracy of the Alvarado score and Pediatric Appendicitis Score. Data were abstracted in parall...

In functional magnetic resonance imaging, voxel time courses after Fourier or non-Fourier "image reconstruction" are complex valued as a result of phase imperfections due to magnetic field inhomogeneities. Nearly all fMRI studies derive functional "activation" based on magnitude voxel time courses [Bandettini, P., Jesmanowicz, A., Wong, E., Hyde, J.S., 1993. Processing strategies for time-cours...

The recently introduced framework of universal inference provides a new approach to constructing hypothesis tests and confidence regions that are valid in finite samples do not rely on any specific regularity assumptions the underlying statistical model. At core methodology is split likelihood ratio statistic, which formed under data splitting compared cleverly selected critical value. As this ...

Motivated by multiple statistical hypothesis testing, we obtain the limit of likelihood ratio of large deviations for self-normalized random variables, specifically, the ratio of P ( √ n(X̄ + d/n) ≥ xnV ) to P ( √ nX̄ ≥ xnV ), as n → ∞, where X̄ and V are the sample mean and standard deviation of iid X1, . . . , Xn, respectively, d > 0 is a constant and xn → ∞. We show that the limit can have a si...

In forensic science, trace evidence found at a crime scene and on suspect has to be evaluated from the measurements performed on them, usually in the form of multivariate data (for example, several chemical compound or physical characteristics). In order to assess the strength of that evidence, the likelihood ratio framework is being increasingly adopted. Several methods have been derived in or...

BACKGROUND To determine which approach to assessment of evidence in data - statistical tests or likelihood ratios - comes closest to the interpretation of evidence by untrained medical students. METHODS Empirical study of medical students (N = 842), untrained in statistical inference or in the interpretation of diagnostic tests. They were asked to interpret a hypothetical diagnostic test, pre...

This paper considers the problem of speci cation testing in general parametric models and shows that for a wide class of models the hypothesis of correct speci cation is equivalent to a continuum of moment equalities. Using these moment equalities we construct a class of speci cation tests that have correct asymptotic size in general parametric models, including stationary time series models, a...

A generalized likelihood ratio test is considered for testing acoustic propagation models in the context of environmental parameter inversion. In the following, we use the term \hierarchy of models" to denote a sequence of model structures M1;M2;... in which each particular model structure Mn contains all previous ones as special cases. We propose a combined parameter estimation and multiple se...

We consider discrete-time detection with dynamical modeling, where the data generating processes are represented through state-variable techniques. Given the modeling above, one computationally effective method of calculating the likelihood ratio functions is due to Schweppe. In this paper, we study the asymptotic properties of Schweppe’s likelihood ratio detector, and evaluate the power probab...

Likelihood ratio (LR) tests for association and for interaction are examined for three-way contingency tables, in particular, the widely used 2 2 K tables. Mutual information identities are used to characterize the information decomposition and the logical relations between the omnibus LR test for conditional independence across K strata and its two independent components, the LR tests for homo...