Evidence suggests homologies in parietofrontal circuits involved in object prehension among humans and monkeys. Likewise, tool use is known to induce functional reorganization of their visuotactile limb representations. Yet, humans are the only species for whom tool use is a defining and universal characteristic. Why? Comparative studies of chimpanzee tool use indicate that critical differences...

Hallux valgus occurs almost exclusively in shoe – wearing societies. Coughlin and Thompson (2) noting the extremely high prevalence of bunions in American women in the fourth, fifth or sixth decade of life, implicated constricting footwear as a cause of hallux valgus. Likewise, in Japan, Kato and Watanabe (3) noted that the prevalence of hallux valgus in women increased dramatically following t...

Analysis of incremental banding in dental cementum is a well-established means of determining the age and season of death of wild mammals. The dental cementum of domesticated mammals likewise can indicate age and season of death. Methods of preparation applicable to archaeological teeth differ from those used for modern specimens, however, and this paper describes two methods that have given ex...

Everybody knows the disappearing animal trick: rabbit goes into the hat, magician waves wand, and presto! The magician displays an empty hat. Simplistic though it sounds, this old act illustrates how literary critics historically have rendered the animal a non-issue. Reading animals as metaphors, always as figures of and for the human, is a process that likewise ends with the human alone on the...

Covering rickets under two different chapters misses out on the initial clinical approach to a child presenting with features of rickets, and the differentiating clinical and laboratory clues that facilitate initial segregation in the two main categories. Likewise, the chapter on skeletal dysplasia deals exclusively with radiological approach to diagnosis. A discussion on clinical approach to t...

Biosolids are a byproduct of wastewater treatment and contain organic and inorganic materials removed from the wastewater. These residuals are concentrated by various methods to semi-solid form. Likewise, sludge is generated during water treatment and contains solid materials removed from water as well as chemicals added during the treatment process. The final residual water content depends on ...

Institutional aspects of economic growth are critically reviewed with emphasis on the fiscal crisis facing the European Union (EU). In particular the importance of public debt, economic governance, and industrial competition are assessed, as well as the effectiveness of econometric models in forecasting economic growth. Likewise, the debate on whether political institutions cause economic growt...

Cryptanalysis, the art of breaking codes, has proven to be a combat multiplier throughout history. By reading encrypted enemy message traffic, commanders often gain immediate intelligence on the enemy's disposition, strengths and intent. During World War II, many allied successes were attributed to the advantages gained by cracking both the German Enigma and Japanese PURPLE cipher systems. Furt...

Electrocyclic ring opening of 4,6-fused cyclobutenamides 1 under thermal conditions leads to cis,trans-cyclooctadienones 2-E,E as transient intermediates, en route to 5,5-bicyclic products 3. Theoretical calculations predict that 4,5-fused cyclobutenamides should likewise undergo thermal ring opening, giving cis,trans-cycloheptadienones, but in this case conversion to 5,4-bicyclic products is t...

0 m ), are developed around of establish the field equations to start of action integrals model to particles and microscopic structure of the flag manifolds, the modelling of the gravitational field in the complex Riemannian model used to relativity description and other theories that complement the Einstein theory. The connections used involve ant K − invariant G − structure of the manifold. L...