In this paper Multi-Staged Discrete Loops are introduced to narrow the gap between for-loops and general loops. Although multi-staged discrete loops can be used in situations that would otherwise require general loops it is still possible to determine the maximum number of iterations, which is trivial for for-loops but extremely difficult for general loops. Thus multi-staged discrete loops form...

Causal loops are loops in cause-effect chains: An effect can be the cause of that effect’s cause. We show that causal loops can be unproblematic, and explore them from different points of view. This thesis is motivated by quantum theory, general relativity, and quantum gravity. By accepting all of quantum theory one can ask whether the possibility to take superpositions extends to causal struct...