Token-based clone detection techniques are known for their scalability, high recall, and robustness against syntax errors and incomplete code. They, however, may yield clones that are syntactically incomplete and they know very little about the syntactic structure of their reported clones. Hence, their results cannot immediately be used for automated refactorings or syntactic filters for releva...

The n-variable PARITY function is computable (by a well-known recursive construction) by AC0 formulas of depth d+ 1 and leafsize n·2dn . These formulas are seen to possess a certain symmetry: they are syntactically invariant under the subspace P of even-weight elements in {0, 1}, which acts (as a group) on formulas by toggling negations on input literals. In this paper, we prove a 2d(n−1) lower...

The notion of literal construal divides anti-realists into two kinds: the kind who say that science aims to be true when construed non-literally; and kind van Fraassen belongs to, who say that while theories should be literally construed, they don’t have to be true. The first kind of anti-realist might claim e.g. that the theory of phlogiston and the modern theory of combustion say the same thi...

In this paper UML statechart diagrams are used as an example of a generic approach to integrating a visual language in a heterogeneous modelling and simulation environment. A system represented in a visual language is syntactically defined as an attributed graph, with well-formedness rules specified by a set of first-order predicates over the abstract syntax of the graph. The language semantics...

This article describes the current state of syntactic analysis of Estonian using Constraint Grammar. Constraint Grammar framework divides parsing into two different modules: morphological disambiguation and determination of syntactic functions. This article focuses on the last module in detail. If the morphological disambiguator achieves the precision more than 85% and error rate is smaller tha...

This paper presents the Latin American Spanish Discussion Forum Treebank (LAS-DisFo). This corpus consists of 50,291 words and 2,846 sentences that are part-of-speech tagged, lemmatized and syntactically annotated with constituents and functions. We describe how it was built and the methodology followed for its annotation, the annotation scheme and criteria applied for dealing with the most pro...

In this paper we introduce a novel method of automating thesauri using syntactically constrained distributional similarity. With respect to syntactically conditioned co-occurrences, most popular approaches to automatic thesaurus construction simply ignore the salience of grammatical relations and effectively merge them into one united ‘context’. We distinguish semantic differences of each synta...

since the word “treasuries” has been mentioned in the koran and hadiths, scholars of the interpretation of the koran and hadiths as well as theologians, philosophers and gnostics have discussed it from several aspects. in this paper, we first interpret it literally, formulating the scholars’ opinions about it; then, we develop the discussion to the “key of treasury” and “treasurers”; finally,  ...

Being the only exocrine organ located in the midline, the prostate gland is a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland of the male reproductive system, locating just below the bladder. The term “prostate” comes (as commonly published) from Greek prostates, literally which means “someone who stands before someone or something’’ that is ‘‘president’’ or ‘‘principal’’ ; however in a recent paper on ...