When determining lower limb loading (LLL) sources of error include the vibration of kinematic marker plates and how the motion and force data are digitally filtered. This study examined LLL during dynamic actions with reduced marker vibration using a tibial plate (TP) and two different levels of filtering severity (15 Hz and 35 Hz cut-offs). The increase of the filter cut-off frequency for the ...

Quantum electrodynamics (QED) in a strong constant magnetic field is investigated from the viewpoint of its connection with noncommutative QED. It turns out that within the lowest Landau level (LLL) approximation the 1-loop contribution of fermions provides an effective action with the noncommutative U(1)NC gauge symmetry. As a result, the Ward-Takahashi identities connected with the initial U(...

In the paper, there were analyzed six popular teaching methods – case method, enquiry-based learning, spiral learning, problem-based learning, project-organized learning, and b-learning – for the purpose of selecting and providing relevant teaching methods for LLL courses. There were evaluated the usefulness of each teaching method for LLL courses and identified their relevance for life-long le...

In this paper, V candidate symbols are considered at the first layer, then V probable streams are detected with complex LLL because of the complexity. Finally, the most probable stream is selected through a ML test. By using complex LLL, the proposed scheme can achieve more low complexity than QRD-M. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides similar performance as the QRD-M.

Lattice-based reformulation techniques have been used successfully both theoretically and computationally. One such reformulation is obtained from the lattice kerZ(A) = {x ∈ Z | Ax = 0}. Some of the hard instances in the literature that have been successfully tackled by lattice-based techniques, such as market split and certain classes of knapsack instances, have randomly generated input A. The...

Last time we defined the minimum distance λ1(L) of a lattice L, and showed that it is upper bounded by √ n · det(L)1/n (Minkowski’s theorem), but this bound is often very loose. Some natural computational questions are: given a lattice (specified by some arbitrary basis), can we compute its minimum distance? Can we find a vector that achieves this distance? Can we find good approximations to th...

Lovász Local Lemma (LLL) is a probabilistic tool that allows us to prove the existence of combinatorial objects in the cases when standard probabilistic argument does not work (there are many partly independent conditions). LLL can be also used to prove the consistency of an infinite set of conditions, using standard compactness argument (if an infinite set of conditions is inconsistent, then s...

Pulsed laser deposition was used to grow epitaxial p-FeSis films on Si(ll1) (1X1) and Si(ll1) (7X7) with the following epitaxial orientations: P-FeSi2(OOl)//Si(lll) with @-FeSi~OlO]//Si(llO) and three rotational variants’silicide growth was influenced by substrate temperature and deposition rate, but not by the structure of the starting surface. Films containing both P-FeSia and FeSi were forme...

The lll algorithm is a polynomial-time for reducing d-dimensional lattice with exponential approximation factor. Currently, the most efficient variant of lll, by Neumaier and Stehlé, has theoretical running time in $$d^4\cdot B^{1+o\left( 1\right) }$$ where B bitlength entries, but never been implemented. This work introduces new asymptotically fast, parallel, yet heuristic, reduction algorithm...

The Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovász lattice basis reduction algorithm (LLL or L) is a very popular tool in public-key cryptanalysis and in many other fields. Given an integer d-dimensional lattice basis with vectors of norm less than B in an n-dimensional space, L outputs a socalled L-reduced basis in polynomial time O(dn log B), using arithmetic operations on integers of bit-length O(d log B). This wor...