Local adaptation within host-parasite systems can evolve by several non-exclusive drivers (e.g., host species-genetic adaptation; ecological conditions-ecological adaptation, and time-temporal adaptation). Social insects, especially bumblebees, with an annual colony life history not only provide an ideal system to test parasite transmission within and between different host colonies, but also p...

the main purpose of this research was to study the variables and factors that affect adaptation of university to external environment and to develop a model for assessment of tehran public universities adaptation to external environment. a mixed method research approach involving a three-round delphi study was used to record responses to the closed-questions and open-ended-questions. other data...