We measure the distribution of carbon in the intergalactic medium as a function of redshift z and overdensity δ. Using a hydrodynamical simulation to link the H I absorption to the density and temperature of the absorbing gas, and a model for the UV background radiation, we convert ratios of C IV to H I pixel optical depths into carbon abundances. For the median metallicity this technique was d...

The before-after study is still the most popular method used by traffic engineers and transportation safety analysts for evaluating the effects of an intervention. Compared to the cross-sectional study, the before-after study has lower within-subject variability since it directly accounts for changes that have occurred at the study sites. However, although this kind of study may offer superior ...

An expression for the bit error rate of a multiple subcarrier intensity-modulated atmospheric optical communication system employing spatial diversity is derived. Spatial diversity is used to mitigate scintillation caused by atmospheric turbulence, which is assumed to obey lognormal distribution. Optimal but complex maximum ratio, equal gain combining (EGC) and relatively simple selection combi...

A valuation model is presented for options on stocks for which BlackScholes arbitrage does not entirely eliminate risk. The price dynamics of a portfolio of options and the underlying security is quanti ed by requiring that the excess reward-to-risk ratio of the portfolio be identical to that of the underlying stock: excess return risk portfolio = excess return risk stock : The nonlinear evolut...

Soil consolidation as the dissipation of excess pore water pressure is mainly affected by the relative hydraulic conductivity among the layers. Geostatistical parameters such as the mean, the standard deviation, and the correlation length are physical indicators for each sedimentation and formation history. The effects of spatial variability on the excessive pore water pressure dissipation duri...

We show that if the intrinsic break energy of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) is determined by the product of more than three random variables the observed break energy distribution becomes almost lognormal including the redshift effect because of the central limit theorem. The excess from the lognormal distribution at the low break energy is possibly due to the high redshift GRBs. The same argument ma...

The frequency distribution of the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission line intensities in the quiet Sun has in the past often been modelled using two Gaussians. This gives adequate fits to observed distributions of average statistical significance. In this paper we test this and other distribution functions against observed distributions with exceptional statistical significance. The data were o...

In this paper, the Raindrop Size Distribution (DSD) modeling and analysis are presented. Drop sizes are classified into different rain types, namely: drizzle, widespread, shower and thunderstorm. The gamma and Lognormal distribution models are employed using the method of moments estimator, considering the third, fourth and sixth order moments. The results are compared with the existing raindro...

Soil organic carbon (SOC) reflects soil quality and plays a critical role in soil protection, food safety, and global climate changes. This study involved grid sampling at different depths (6 layers) between 0 and 100 cm in a catchment. A total of 1282 soil samples were collected from 215 plots over 8.27 km(2). A combination of conventional analytical methods and geostatistical methods were use...

We propose a new method for calculating a tight approximation to the distribution of the sum of independent lognormal random variables. We use a three-parameter modified-power-lognormal distribution function as the approximating distribution. We use theoretical results from our previous work on the tails of the distribution of the sum of lognormals to match the slope of the modified-power-logno...