ABSTRACT Excitation of Rossby wave instability and development a large-scale vortex at the outer dead zone edge protoplanetary discs is one leading theories that explains horseshoe-like brightness distribution in transition discs. Formation such vortices requires relatively sharp viscosity transition. Detailed modelling, however, indicates transitions smooth. In this study, we present 2D global...

Abstract We introduce a smooth-transition generalized Pareto (GP) regression model to study the time-varying dependence structure between extreme losses and set of economic factors. In this model, distribution loss size is approximated by GP distribution, its parameters are related explanatory variables through functions, which themselves depend on predictor structural changes. use approach dyn...