The Church–Rosser theorem states that the λ-calculus is confluent under αand β-reductions. The standard proof of this result is due to Tait and Martin-Löf. In this note, we present an alternative proof based on the notion of acceptable orderings. The technique is easily modified to give confluence of the βη-calculus.

The business and accounting aspects of General Practice are integral to daily practice. In addition, recently there have been radical changes in the world of General Practice (GP). While formal post graduate GP training in the UK is thorough and practice accounts are included in the MRCGP syllabus, many GP registrars struggle with the subject and there is obviously less emphasis on this than th...

Renal fibrosis is the final common pathway of several nephropathies including chronic allograft failure. Most chronic renal diseases result in tissue fibrosis, and this is independent of their initial cause. Tissue fibrosis is an accumulation of extracellular matrix, and in animal models of renal fibrosis, mRNA levels for profibrogenic cytokines such as transforming growth factor (TGF ) and ext...

In this paper, we study adaptive evaluation techniques for querying XMLbased electronic catalogs, and show, by means of experiments performed on real-world catalogs, that our approach can be used to integrate them with virtually zero effort at start-up time, and a small constant factor needed to perform the adaptive evaluation for all subsequent queries. We reach the conclusion that, from a str...

Teaching software development process is an important component of computer science and engineering education. In practice, processes are used by software development teams to coordinate activities and combine skills[12]. As in social behavior studies, human behaviors in teams are conceptualized as activities, interactions, and sentiments[10]. Software development processes can be both consider...

WE ALL INHERIT AND ACQUIRE different characteristics. When we experience a treatment aimed at changing our physiology, these characteristics may modify the effect of the treatment, making it more or less beneficial, harmful, or ineffective in different individuals. The issue of individual responses to treatments is therefore one of the most important in experimental research, yet few researcher...

In the 1960s-1980s, determination of bacterial growth rates was an important tool in microbial genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, and microbial physiology. The exciting technical developments of the 1990s and the 2000s eclipsed that tool; as a result, many investigators today lack experience with growth rate measurements. Recently, investigators in a number of areas have started to use ...

We put forward a simple high-level framework for describing a population protocol, which includes the capacity for sequential execution of instructions and a (limited) capacity for loops and branching instructions. The process of translation of the protocol into its standard form, i.e., into a collection of asynchronously executed state-transition rules, is performed by exploiting nested synchr...

Evolutionary programming (EP) has been applied with success to many numerical and combinatorial optimization problems in recent years. EP has rather slow convergence rates, however, on some function optimization problems. In this paper, a “fast EP” (FEP) is proposed which uses a Cauchy instead of Gaussian mutation as the primary search operator. The relationship between FEP and classical EP (CE...

Paxos [3] is a simple protocol that a group of machines in a distributed system can use to agree on a value proposed by a member of the group. If it terminates, the protocol reaches consensus even if the network was unreliable and multiple machines simultaneously tried to propose different values. The basic idea is that each proposal has a unique number. Higher numbered proposals override lower...