the most important objectives of monetary policy are to provide price stability, economic growth and favorable employment levels. since achieving these goals is not directly accessible for policy makers, so introducing and studying the appropriate tools and intermediate targets seem necessary. for this reason, this paper tries to answer this question: whether can we introduce an appropriate rul...

The processes of science and decision making share an important characteristic: success in each depends upon researchers or decision makers having some ability to anticipate the consequences of their actions. The predictive capacity of science holds great appeal for decision makers who are grappling with complex and controversial environmental issues by promising to enhance their ability to det...

We report results of a series of experiments on decision-making in the presence of irreducibly imprecise probabilities. The choices faced by the subjects resemble loosely the policy choices faced by policy makers in the presence of the threat of abrupt climate change. Consistent with the vagueness avoidance hypothesis, subjects displayed systematic preferences for riskless actions even at a hig...

This technology assessment report is based on research conducted by a contracted technology assessment center, with updates as contracted by the Washington State Health Care Authority. This report is an independent assessment of the technology question(s) described based on accepted methodological principles. The findings and conclusions contained herein are those of the investigators and autho...

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), as a system of allocative efficiency for global health programs, is an influential criterion for resource allocation in the context of diplomacy and inherent foreign policy decisions therein. This is because such programs have diplomatic benefits and costs that can be uploaded from the recipient and affect the broader foreign policy interests of the donor and ...

The HHRAA Project and its SARA component are charged with presenting Africa-relevant research findings and information to policy makers in a format and manner that will assist them in making "optimal strategy, policy or program choices." Accordingly, we felt it was essential to analyze what is known about how information is used and how policy is formulated. This paper, prepared for SARA by Rob...

Background: Iran has experienced a great variation in women status in recent years. There is a little information on how and why advancing gender equality and equity and the empowerment of women play a role in recent fertility reduction in the country. This study was conducted to gain an insight into the role of gender beliefs and women empowerment in couples’ experiences of fertility in Mashha...

OBJECTIVES Research has shown that effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and severity of illness each play a role in drug reimbursement decisions. However, the role of budget impact in such decisions is less obvious. Policy makers almost always demand a budget impact estimate yet seem reluctant to formally include budget impact as a rationing criterion. Health economists even reject budget impact ...

and responses from Lomas (Lomas 2005a) and Lavis (Lavis 2005) under the umbrella title Perspectives on Evidence, Synthesis and Decision-Making. Together with Lomas' s essay in our inaugural issue (Lomas 2005b), they provide sometimes complementary , sometimes competing, but invariably thoughtful perspectives on how (and to what extent) research and other evidence can be synthesized, presented a...