We introduce a new model of collective decision making, when a global decision needs to be made but the parties only possess partial information, and are unwilling (or unable) to first create a global composite of their local views. Our macroscope model captures two key features of many real-world problems: allotment structure (how access to local information is apportioned between parties, inc...

In this paper we consider mechanistic explanations for biological malfunctions. Drawing on Lipton’s (1993) work on difference making, we offer three reasons why one should distinguish i) mechanistic features that only make a difference to the malfunction one aims to explain, from ii) features that make a difference to both the malfunction and normal functioning. Recognition of the distinction i...

economic policy consists of various methodologies, approaches and models through which the economists devise strategies to influence the overall economy. the integration of theoretical and practical frameworks provides the ground for emerging new models which are a part of economic system of the countries.each economic model is a combination of specific methodology, theoretical bases and specia...

The study of judgment and decision making (JDM) is traditionally concerned with the comparison of judgments to standards, standards that allow evaluation of the judgments as better or worse. I use the term “judgments” to include decisions, which are judgments about what to do. The major standards come from probability theory, utility theory, and statistics. These are mathematical theories or “m...

The sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) and related drift-diffusion model (DDM) are optimal for choosing between two hypotheses using the minimal (average) number of samples and relevant for modeling the decision-making process in human observers. This work extends these models to group decision making. Previous works have focused almost exclusively on group accuracy; here, we explicitly a...

With adoption of the UML and other graphical languages by software industry, graphical models became a cornerstone in today’s software development practice. As other artefacts such as program source code, graphical models evolve over time and are, thus, put regularily under version control. In order to deeply understand the role an artefact plays within a project, it is sometimes helpful to rev...

8.1 Two Research Conundrums..................................................................................................134 8.1.1 Lindblom’s Theory of Administrative Incrementalism...........................................134 8.1.2 Wildavsky’s Theory of Budgetary Incrementalism.................................................135 8.1.3 The Diverse Meanings of Budgetary “Incrementalism”.......

In the classical transaction model, transactions are consistency preserving units: a transaction is made up of a series of actions which, when executed in isolation in a reliable environment, transforms the database from one consistent state to another [2]. A classical transaction management system guarantees the appearance of isolation and reliability, even though multiple transactions execute...