Malaria eradication will require a combination of vector control, chemotherapy and an easily administered vaccine. Sterile immunity can be elicited in humans by immunization with sporozoites, the infective stage injected by bite of the mosquito vector, however, whole parasite vaccines present formidable logistical challenges for production, storage and administration. The "gold standard" for in...

Plasmodium vivax is the most geographically widespread malaria parasite. Unique features of transmission biology complicate P. vivax control. Interventions targeting transmission are required for malaria eradication. In the absence of an in vitro culture, transmission studies rely on live isolates from non-human primates or endemic regions. Here, we demonstrate P. vivax gametocytes from both In...

M ALARIA IS ONE of the major parasitic diseases affecting humans today, contributing greatly to the high mortality rates in the developing world. The original epidemiologic concept of “malaria eradication” for large endemic areas, introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the 1960s, has now been replaced by the concept of “control,” given the increase in the morbidity and mortality r...

Because words mean everything, the vocabulary of the goal of a coordinated impact on a disease is important. Let us review the working definitions of three words: eradication, elimination, and control. Eradication represents permanently breaking the link of transmission of an agent, such that it no longer exists in circulation anywhere in the world and is not a threat to reemerge by natural mea...

Malaria control program is one of the oldest program in the Ministry of Health (MoH) Republic of Indonesia. Started with effort to eradicate malaria in 1959 through Malaria Eradication Command well known as KOPEM (Komando Pembasmian Malaria) then it evolves to Malaria Control Program, Roll Back Malaria Program, and the current Malaria Elimination Program. In terms of diagnostic and treatment, t...

Malaria in humans is mainly caused by infection with five Plasmodium species (Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P.knowlsi). In 2015, an estimated 214 million new malaria cases and 584 000 deaths were recorded globally due to malaria. The ability to accurately detect malaria infection in all individuals and in all populations is fundamental to achieve elimination and era...

that the costs of post-eradication surveillance could dwarf initial expenditures.) If 25% of childhood mortality were attributable to malaria, reasons for caution in intervention dissipate. The concern about harm that might be done to adults whose acquired immunity could be compromised was hardly considered. Malariologists might elect utilitarianism as their chosen professional ethics, their br...

The establishment of new hygienic conditions plays a role in the appearance of autoimmunity in "westernalised" countries. Consistently, but still unconvincingly, several epidemiological and immunogenetic evidences link the disappearance of malaria with the increase of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Sardinia, insular Italy. To this purpose, we have made an attempt to build a relationship between mal...

Approximately 230 million people live in Indonesia. The country is also home to over 20 anopheline vectors of malaria which transmit all four of the species of Plasmodium that routinely infect humans. A complex mosaic of risk of infection across this 5000-km-long archipelago of thousands of islands and distinctive habitats seriously challenges efforts to control malaria. Social, economic and po...