Cell death is a vital process for multicellular organisms. Programmed cell death (PCD) functions in a variety of processes including growth, development, and immune responses for homeostasis maintenance. In particular, plants and animals utilize PCD to control pathogen invasion and infected cell populations. Despite some similarity, there are a number of key differences between how these organi...

Introduction EEG oscillations known as sleep spindles have been linked with various aspects of cognition, but the specific functions they signal remain controversial. Two types of EEG sleep spindles have been distinguished: slow spindles at 11-13.5 Hz and fast spindles at 13.5-16 Hz. Slow spindles exhibit a frontal scalp topography, whereas fast spindles exhibit a posterior scalp topography and...

We present a new technique that infers models of programs that manipulate relational databases. This technique generates test databases and input commands, runs the program, then observes the resulting outputs and updated databases to infer the model. Because the technique works only with the externally observable inputs, outputs, and databases, it can infer the behavior of programs written in ...

RNA interference (RNAi) is an evolutionary conserved mechanism by which small double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)--termed small interfering RNA (siRNA)--inhibit translation or degrade complementary mRNA sequences. Identifying features and enzymatic components of the RNAi pathway have led to the design of highly-effective siRNA molecules for laboratory and therapeutic application. RNA activation (RNAa) ...

The role of endogenous histamine and H1, H2 and H3 central receptors on food intake in broiler chickenswas investigated. For this purpose, a probe was used to manipulate the concentration of endogenoushistamine by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of thioperamide, an H3 receptor antagonist, and R-α-methylhistamine, an H3 receptor agonist and subsequently the effects of brain histaminergic...