The brightness temperature (BT) and backscattering coefficient (BSC) measured simultaneously by passive and active microwave sensors have great potential for the estimation of land surface soil moisture (SM). Several methods with combined passive and active microwave remote sensing observations for SM have been reported. Usually, the use of these methods, requires an accurate roughness conditio...

Surface texture of the harder mating surfaces is one of the key factors that control the coefficient of friction during sliding. In the present investigation, various kinds of surface textures were produced on the 080 M40 steel plates. For a given kind of surface texture, roughness was varied using various grits of emery papers or polishing powders. The surface textures were characterized in te...

The manning of a ship is a major driver of total ownership cost. The Government Accounting Office (GAO) states that “the cost of the ship’s crew is the largest expense incurred over the ship’s lifetime” [1]. This cost is largely determined by decisions made during concept design, which may include significant new support costs ashore. Consequently, reliable manpower estimates and related design...

In this study, the effects of surface roughness differences vehicle coating materials (paint, paste, special applications, etc.) on aerodynamic drag coefficient were inves-tigated using finite element method. For this, forces and aerody-namic coefficients for speeds between 40-150 km/hours calculated a 1/20 scale designed by package program defining body parts front-rear window separately assig...

A surface roughness measurement technique, based on an optical method using a computer vision system, was investigated for applicability to inprocess monitoring of surface quality. The developed vision system uses a CCD camera for scanning gray-scale images from an area of the machined workpiece. This images were analysed with digital image processing system. Some new optical roughness paramete...

Solar air heater is a type of heat exchanger which transforms solar radiation into heat energy. The thermal performance of conventional solar air heater has been found to be poor because of the low convective heat transfer coefficient from the absorber plate to the air. It is attributed to the formation of a very thin boundary layer at the absorber plate surface commonly known as viscous sub-la...