As the pace of emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases quickens, the International Health Regulations, which have served as the legal and policy framework of epidemic control for 45 years, are being revised by the World Health Organization (WHO). In this article, we review the recent history, legal construction, and application of these regulations and related international treaty-base...

To mitigate the threat that terrorists smuggle weapons of mass destruction (WMD) into the US through maritime containers, the US Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) inspects containers upon entry to domestic ports. Inspection-driven congestion is costly, and CBP provides incentives to firms to improve security upstream in the supply chain, thereby reducing the inspection burden at US ...

The article offers a comprehensive analysis of the activity Russian merchant fleet in China second half 19th century. This historical issue is particularly relevant connection with active development modern foreign trade and strengthening Russian-Chinese economic ties. research based on materials central archives Federation (including Archive Foreign Policy Empire State Historical Archive). met...

The phenomenon of terrestrial mammals as predators in marine intertidal communities, and thus as agents of energy transfer from sea to land, is poorly understood. We review here the evidence for terrestrial mammals intentionally entering the ocean shore at low tide in order to prey on living marine invertebrates, fish, algae, and seagrasses. We introduce the term ‘maritime mammals’, defined as ...

Maritime communication systems and devices that are required onboard ships under the SOLAS (Safety Of Life At Sea) Convention are determined by the communication functions of Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). This system was fully implemented on the 1st February 1999, and since then maritime communications methods have not been significantly changed. As a result, numerous rese...

Enhanced maritime situational awareness picture is a common need for maritime authorities interested in security, safety, border control, and marine environment protection. In order to have an enhanced maritime situation awareness picture, it is recognized that there is a need for advanced and innovative surveillance and information-sharing technologies. This study presents an open and interope...

BACKGROUND Due to their working conditions, seafarers often don't benefit from the same medical coverage than the onshore population. Therefore, seafarers and their relatives often need to locate health information by themselves. While the rise of the Internet has drastically transformed the way people can gather information, the availability of specific maritime health information online still...