The investigations till now performed on the Step-wise Martensite to Austenite Reversible Transformation (SMART) have identified the relevant key features both of the transformation itself and of the Incomplete Cycling on Heating (ICH), procedure required to induce the SMART. The SMART phenomenology, proved in several shape memory alloys, appears quite general, despite of the differences both i...

SUS440 is a high-carbon stainless steel, and its martensite matrix has high heat resistance, high corrosion resistance, and high pressure resistance. It has been widely used in mechanical parts and critical materials. However, the SUS440 martempered matrix has reliability problems in thin plate applications and thus research uses different austempering heat treatments (tempering temperature: 20...

The increased thermal efficiency of fossil power plants calls for the development of advanced creep-resistant alloy steels like T92. In this study, microstructures found in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of a T92 steel weld were simulated to evaluate their creep-rupture-life at elevated temperatures. An infrared heating system was used to heat the samples to 860 °C (around AC1), 900 °C (slightly ...

Local hardness increasing on the surface of the power plant rotor may result in severe damages. One major solution for rapid repairing of the rotors is the adaptive tempering heat treatment. For this purpose, after identification of the damaged rotor, initial investigations and tests (such as visual inspection, chemical analysis, nondestructive hardness measurements and replica or on-site metal...

The structural changes occurring during tempering of Fe-N martensite (a') have been investigated using X-ray diffraction and (high resolution) transmission electron microscopy. The first stage of decomposition of Fe-N martensite leads to the formation of &-nitride and ferrite (a). The formation of a"-nitride involves both a local enrichment and ordering of N atoms; the Fe sublattice remains of ...

Although high carbon martensitic steels are well known for their industrial utility in high abrasion and extreme operating environments, due to their hardness and strength, the compressive stability of their retained austenite, and the implications for the steels' performance and potential uses, is not well understood. This article describes the first investigation at both the macro and nano sc...

Plastic pre-strains were applied to the metastable 304L austenitic stainless steel at both room temperature (20 °C) and higher temperatures (i.e., 50, 80 and 100 °C), and then the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) susceptibility of the steel was evaluated by cathodically hydrogen-charging and tensile testing. The 20 °C pre-strain greatly strengthened the steel, but simultaneously significantly increa...

Motivated by experimental observations of H. Seiner et al., we study the nucleation of austenite in a single crystal of a CuAlNi shape-memory alloy stabilized as a single variant of martensite. In the experiments the nucleation process was induced by localized heating and it was observed that, regardless of where the localized heating was applied, the nucleation points were always located at on...

Ni based magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) have broad applications in actuators and MEMS devices. Two-stage stress induced martensitic phase transformation, a widely observed phenomenon in these alloys, is described conventionally as a fi rst stage L21 (austenite)-to-10M/14M (M: modulated martensite) transition, followed by a second stage 14M-to-L10 (tetragonal martensite) transformation at ...

For Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni shape memory alloys, it was previously found by HREM study that the formation of the nanometric lamella structures consisting of f.c.c. and h.c.p. phase is very important to exhibit good shape memory effect. In the present work, the formation process of such lamella structures has been studied in detail. The results are as follows. The transformation is initiated by random fo...