this study had two main steps. the first one was introducing and examining the long’s model of needs analysis (na) for distinguishing the general language needs. by doing the first step, we tried to recognize the shortages of long’s model, in the second step to realize the general language needs of persian language learners and find out what language functions are needed to be learned for gener...

Feeling connected with significant others has long been recognized as a central aspect of human motivation (e.g., Atkinson, 1964; Bowlby, 1969; Maslow, 1954; Rogers, 1951). However, the construct of belonging has received little attention from sport motivation researchers apart from a description of social motives for involvement and social sources of enjoyment (e.g., McCullagh, Matzkanin, Shaw...

How do changes in the economy translate into shifts in aggregate preferences for a more or less activist government in the U.S.—a construct referred to as “policy mood”? Existing theories pose alternative explanations based on either a Maslow Hierarchy of Needs model, where citizens prefer an activist federal government to expand the social safety net when the economic future looks bright (Durr...

COMITÉ D’UROGYNÉCOLOGIE Danny Lovatsis, MD (coprésident), Toronto (Ont.) Jens-Erik Walter, MD (coprésident), Montréal (Québec) Queena Chou, MD, London (Ont.) William A. Easton, MD, Scarborough (Ont.) Annette Epp, MD, Saskatoon (Sask.) Scott A. Farrell, MD, Halifax (N.-É.) Roxana Geoffrion, MD, Vancouver (C.-B.) Lise Girouard, RN, Winnipeg (Man.) Chander K. Gupta, MD, Winnipeg (Man.) Marie-André...

Early ecologists identified a pyramidal trophic structure in terms of number, biomass and energy transfer. In 1943, the psychologist Maslow put forward a pyramid model to describe layers of human needs. It is indicated that the pyramid principle is universally applicable in natural, humanistic and social disciplines. Here, we report that a pyramid structure also exists in urban public health (U...

The professional staff in human service institutions is often required to spend time in intense involvement with other people. Frequently, the staff-client interaction is centred around the client's current problems (psychological, social, and/ or physical) and is therefore charged with feelings of anger, embarrassment, fear or despair In this article we follow the burnout which could not be on...

Believability has been a perennial goal for the intelligent virtual agent community. One important aspect of believability largely consists in demonstrating autonomous behavior, consistent with the agent's personality and motivational state, as well as the world conditions. Autonomy, on behalf of the agent, implies the existence of an internal structure and mechanism that allows the agent to ha...

"Safety first," we say these words almost every day, but we all take this for granted for what Maslow proposed in his famous theory of Hierarchy of Needs: safety needs come second to physiological needs. Here we propose that safety needs come before physiological needs. Safety needs are personal security, financial security, and health and well-being, which are more fundamental than physiologic...

This study examined the suitability of the motivation techniques used in the construction industry and their underlying theories. These techniques and theories were adapted from psychology and management literature/practice. Though this adaptation was necessary, yet, it queries the basic principle of motivation, which stipulates that motivation depends on the environment, the man and the job ch...