Background and purpose: In a recent century, the amount of construction waste has increased significantly. Although the building industry has a considerable role in the development of a society, it is regarded as an environmentally destructive. Source reduction is the highest goal in the waste management hierarchy and is in priority. It also has economic benefits by reducing costs associated wi...

Summary The first part of this review examined ISO approval requirements and in vitro testing. In the second part, non-standardized test methods for composite materials are presented and discussed. Physical tests are primarily described. Analyses of surface gloss and alterations, as well as aging simulations of dental materials are presented. Again, the importance of laboratory tests in determi...

We show experimentally that the sliding friction on sand is greatly reduced by the addition of some-but not too much-water. The formation of capillary water bridges increases the shear modulus of the sand, which facilitates the sliding. Too much water, on the other hand, makes the capillary bridges coalesce, resulting in a decrease of the modulus; in this case, we observe that the friction coef...

Effects from adsorption of organic species on the surface of nanomaterials have been investigated. Exposure to organic contaminants during material processing, handling and environmental exposure is unavoidable during the manufacturing process of nanoscale materials. In addition, at the nanoscale, surface area to volume ratios increase and surface effects will have an increasing influence on th...

INTRODUCTION Woven textile structures are often used as reinforcements in composite materials. Their ease of handling, low fabrication cost, good stability, balanced properties, and excellent formability make the use of Woven Fabrics (WF) very attractive for structural applications in, for example, the automotive and aerospace industry. However, due to the process of draping the fibre orientati...

handling. No easy, definitive, and affordable test can demonstrate effectiveness before each use. Wearers may find the mask uncomfortable. We encourage innovation to improve respiratory protection options. Future studies must be conducted to determine levels of protection achieved when naive users, following instructions, produce a similar mask from identical or similar raw materials. Research ...

Good quality base and sub-base material for road pavement construction is becoming increasingly scarce. Dolerite is one of the more abundant natural road building materials in South Africa. Yet, it seems that the road design and construction fraternity shy away from using it in favour of more expensive commercially produced crushed material – and so artificially increase the scarcity of natural...

Maintaining quality in compounded preparations must be a top priority of top management, and it must involve all pharmacy employees. Pharmacy compounding requires the development and maintenance of standard operating procedures to ensure quality and minimize compounding errors. Standard operating procedures are detailed instructions initiated by the pharmacist-in-charge or the quality control o...

The aim of this work was to present the different current methods of decreasing viscosity of resin composite materials such as (using flowable composites, lowering the viscosity of the monomer mixture, heating composites and applying sonic vibration) and furnish dentists with a basis that can provide criteria for choosing one or another to suit their therapeutic requirements. The four discussed...