Neda Kabiri, Ali Jannati, Nafiseh Vahed, Mina Mahami Oskouei. Ph.D. Student in Health Policy, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine Iran (RCEBM), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Associated Professor in Health Management,...

In the rush of current publications concerning AIDS, it is difficult to distinguish between new, noteworthy articles and those of lesser significance. There is need for a compilation of up-to-date scientific information in this rapidly growing field. AIDS: Modern Concepts and Therapeutic Challenges fills that need. Edited by Samuel Broder, Associate Director of the National Cancer Institute's C...

Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is much less common than ischaemic stroke (15% versus 85% in most Western studies), but is associated with a significantly worse prognosis. ICH is much more common in Asian populations, probably reflecting higher rates of small vessel disease, hypertension and genetic factors. Overall, ICH mortality rates approach 50% and there has been little effective treatment...

Association of APOL1 variants with mild kidney disease in the first-degree relatives of African American patients with non-diabetic end-stage renal disease. et al. Genome-wide association scan for diabetic nephropathy susceptibility genes in type 1 diabetes. Sir, We have read with great interest the manuscript from Davenport et al. [1], concerning the medical management of patients with hepator...

Gastroesophageal reflux of varying severity is a common disorder for which medical attention is sought at all levels, from pharmacists to specialist physicians and surgeons. This brief overview represents my current understanding of reflux, its effects on the esophagus and my personal approach to treatment of these disorders. Of necessity, because the literature is so extensive (a Medline searc...

groups of patients within a practice, we typically provide empirical standardized recommendations such as “brush and fl oss” and “use fl uoride toothpaste.” Although many methods of intervention to reduce caries risk are extremely effective within populations at risk, routine measures do not target individual patients who might be at much greater than average risk. New ways of thinking combined...

Vitamin D or vitamin D analogues pulse therapy is seldom effective in patients with at least one parathyroid gland with nodular hyperplasia, and surgical parathyroidectomy or parathyroid intervention is indicated. In parathyroid interventions, especially in selective percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT), the enlarged parathyroid gland(s) with nodular hyperplasia is selectively destroye...

In biology and medicine, as well as in many other domains, imperfect knowledge cannot be avoided. It is difficult to construct automatic systems to provide classification or pattern recognition tools or help specialists make a decision. There exist two kinds of difficulties: (1) those related to the type of imperfection we have to consider (partial information, uncertainties, inaccuracies) and ...

The patient who is brought to the hospital casualty department, or seen on the Intensive Care Unit, though not having been exposed to evident trauma, may be harbouring delayed effects of trauma such as a subdural haematoma or meningitis arising from a basal skull fracture. The problems of raised intracranial pressure following a parenchymal haematoma in a hypertensive patient, the decompensatio...

Chronic idiopathic orchialgia is a urologic disease process that is as frustrating as it is common. While no consensus exists on management for otherwise-unexplained testicular pain, most providers would agree that once other treatable organic causes are ruled out, initial management should be symptom focused, and should be medical rather than surgical. This chapter presents a review of the evi...