When institutions that decrease uncertainty are thin on the ground at home, can countries import them from abroad, through membership in stable and prosperous organizations such as the European Union? I show that EU accession has effects that cut both ways: investor risk decreases for candidate countries, where uncertainty is high, and increases for existing, more secure members. I investigate ...

We consider the asymmetric A-distance though it is not a metric due to the asymmetry in a rigorous sense. However, it reflects on an actual situation of urban areas that time from the demand point to the facility depends on the passing direction and in some places slopes and so it is asymmetric. Further, most residents in urban areas hope that even the city office should not be so near and so f...

The aim of this paper is to introduce a new methodology for micro-pattern analysis in digital images. The gray-level pixels’ structure in an image neighborhood describes a spatial specific context. Edge, line, spot, blob, corner or texture can be described by this structure. The gray-level values of the image pixel are interpreted as a fuzzy set, and each pixel gray-level as a fuzzy number. A m...

The aim of this paper is investigating the impacts of residents empowering in physical and environmental improvements in informal settlements. This place has some problems such as safety, health and environmental that Managers and municipal authorities should take action to fix them. In this regard The NGOs as an intermediary between the people and town officials could have a significant role i...

This paper empirically measures changes in the constituency of an organizational field centered around the issue of corporate environmentalism from 1960 to 1993, and correlates those changes with the evolving institutions adopted by the US chemical industry to interpret the issue. Four stages are identified, each representing a different field membership, interaction pattern and set of dominant...

BACKGROUND Extensive patient and family education is required at the time of a new diagnosis of pediatric cancer yet little data exist regarding the availability and linguistic competency of new cancer diagnosis education provided by pediatric oncology institutions. PROCEDURE Using the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (ASPHO) membership list, a web-based survey was conducted ...

cooperation in iran has a long precedent but for the first time after the islamic revolution became a foundation in iranian constitutional law and was defined as a protect ional approach. as a point of view in codification of iranian constitutional act (1979) the cooperation recognized on its bases and values that has based in the world. so it is in compliance with islamic standards. it is a wa...