Adult rats were given a single retrobulbar injection of 50 microliters of 2.0% mepivacaine and the lateral rectus muscles were examined ultrastructurally at intervals from 15 min to 30 days post-injection. There were three purposes of the study: (1) to determine the extent of muscle fiber damage caused by the anesthetic; (2) to document the subsequent course of muscle fiber regeneration; and (3...

Liquid forms of active pharmaceutical ingredients, ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic mixtures (DEMs), offer several potential benefits in respect to advancing formulations. The aim this study was develop characterise ILs/DEMs composed two molecules: ketoprofen (KET), as the acidic component, a local anaesthetics (LA), lidocaine (LID), mepivacaine (MEP) or bupivacaine (BUP), which constitute...

BACKGROUND Multiple needle attempts to gain a muscle twitch or a paresthesia for a classical supraclavicular brachial plexus block can increase the risks of nerve damage or pain. The aims of this study were to obtain reliable clinical data on ultrasound-guided supraclavicular blocks, demonstrate the higher success rate and fewer complications, and design an injection method for patients whose b...

PURPOSE During retrobulbar anesthesia ocular hemodynamics are altered. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of local anesthetics in isolated porcine ciliary arteries (diameter between 200 and 400 microns). METHODS Isolated porcine ciliary arteries were suspended in myograph systems filled with modified Krebs-Ringer solution for isometric tension recording. RESULTS In quie...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Clonidine is added to intrathecal local anesthetics to improve intraoperative analgesia and to increase the duration of sensory and motor block. The aim of this systematic review is to quantify beneficial and harmful effects of clonidine when used as an adjuvant to intrathecal local anesthetics for surgery. METHODS We included data from 22 randomized trials (1,445 pa...