BACKGROUND With a goal to reduce youth smoking rates, the U.S. federal government mandated that states enforce laws prohibiting underage tobacco sales. Our objective was to determine if state compliance with tobacco sales laws is associated with a decreased risk of current daily smoking among adolescents. METHODS Data on tobacco use were obtained from a nationally representative sample of 16,...

Marine biology is a hybrid subject that combines aspects of organismal function, ecological interaction and the study of marine biodiversity.[1] The earliest studies of marine biology can be traced back to the Phoenicians and the Greeks who are known as the initial explorers of the oceans and their composition.[2] However, it was Aristotle (384-322 BC) who was the first to record any observatio...

The article examines the main world trends in field of fuel use for shipping. need to replace F-5 and F-12 fleet oils, which are widely used by merchant Ukraine today, with new, low-sulfur fuel, such as marine gasoil (MGO) or low sulfur (LS-MGO), is substantiated. problems that, taking into account role cargo transportation sea Ukraine, may arise during transition shipping new types characteriz...

The hybrid propulsion system is a vehicle with two or more sources of such as diesel, batteries, and other renewable energy. use systems not new, they have been adopted worldwide. There are many applications for systems, from powering land-based vehicles to marine vessels. With the success large vessels still rely on two-stroke engines power generation. In this paper, benefits feasibility using...

The efforts to protect underwater sites such as shipwreck by assigning them Maritime Conservation Areas are needed because they limited, non-renewable and fragile cultural heritage. location of the battleship HMAS Perth is one in Banten Bay waters. Several other sunken warships merchant ships currently designated a Area on February 28, 2018, through Ministry Marine Affairs Fisheries Decree No. ...

AIMS To study morbidity among active seafarers in the merchant navy in order to clarify possible work related morbidity and the morbidity related to work and lifestyle where possible preventive measures may be initiated. METHODS From a register in the Danish Maritime Authority a cohort of Danish merchant seafarers who had been actively employed at sea in 1995 was identified. For each seafarer...