We have assembled extensive information on the cradle-to-gate environmental burdens of 63 metals in their major use forms, and illustrated the interconnectedness of metal production systems. Related cumulative energy use, global warming potential, human health implications and ecosystem damage are estimated by metal life cycle stage (i.e., mining, purification, and refining). For some elements,...

Hydrodesulphurization (HDS) and hydrogenation are carried out by thermal treatment using hydrogen (H2) with the objective of either removing sulphur from material, or improving yield organic finally forming hydrides reaction elements contained in mineral matrix hydrogen. The kinetics simpler when is used compared to pyrolysis, order equal unity (A. Attaoui: 1993). Timahdit (Morocco) oil shale l...

A solid phase extraction method for removing polar tritiated contaminants from tritium-containing waste oils has been developed. The composition of the degradation products present in the waste oil was determined. The results indicated that upon exposure to tritium gas, fragment methyl ketones, carboxylic acids, and lactones were the main polar products of the mineral-based oil oxidation. The n...

Temperature dependent reaction products are observed when borohydride is present in aqueous solutions containing Ir(3+). At temperatures of 40 °C and above, metallic iridium is formed while under ambient conditions of 25 °C, borohydride results in an alkaline environment that helps in hydrolyzing the precursor to form IrO2. The Ir foams and IrO2 are subsequently used to study their catalytic pr...

A new tellurium-substituted Lindqvist-type polyoxoniobate [H2TeNb5O19](5-) was synthesized as a tetramethylammonium salt. When irradiated with a Xe lamp, a water-methanol solution of this cluster showed exceptionally high H2-evolution activity suggesting cocatalysis by the hexaniobate cluster and metallic tellurium, both of which are formed as photodecomposition products.

It has been previously established that lung cancer could be induced in rats by exposure to radon and radon daughters. Although the oat-cell carcinomas that are common in humans were not found in rats, other histological types of lung carcinomas, especially squamous cell carcinomas and primitive lung adenocarcinomas, were similar to those observed in humans. A dose-effect relationship was estab...

The variable mechanism for substitution of P-stereogenic phosphoryl chloride with alkynyl metallic reagents, which depends on temperature, stoichiometry of starting materials, and the structure of the nucleophilic reagent, is assumed as either SN2-like or Berry pseudorotation of pentacoordinated phosphorus intermediates, affording inversion and retention products, respectively. The formation of...

The available energy of several poultry by-product meal products were determined by various experimental methods. It is imperative to determine the accurate available energy value for these products for proper diet formulation and product usage. Leghorn roosters and turkeys were tube fed the products for the assay based on the True Metabolizable Energy (TME) system. Three week old battery reare...