background: topical anesthesia has been widely advocated as an important component of atraumatic administration of intraoral local anesthesia. the aim of this study was to use direct observation of children’s behavioral pain reactions during local anesthetic injection using cotton-roll vibration method compared with routine topical anesthesia. materials and methods: forty-eight children partici...

Introdouction: One of the existing problems in the field of dentistry is the use of utilizing materials. Utilizing materials in dentistry must have high rigidity and resistance and a beautiful appearance. The weak formulation of dentistry materials causes irritation, side effects, and increases the cost of healthcare. Therefore, farms and organizations related to dentistry care are tryi...

Different methods are available for simultaneous optimization of cross-section, topology and geometry of truss structures. Since the search space for this problem is very large, the probability of falling in local optimum is considerably high. On the other hand, different types of design variables (continuous and discrete) lead to some difficulties in the process of optimization. In this articl...

Back pain is the second most common reason for physician visits in the United States, and affects up to 84 percent of patients at some point in their lives (Deyo & Tsui-Wu 1987). For many patients, neck and back pain is often due to injury or spinal instability through trauma, disease or degeneration. This can cause impingement of neural structures resulting in pain, numbness, or weakness. Also...