Over the years Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) has evolved into a powerful technique for the structural analysis of cells and tissues at various levels of resolution. However, optimal sample preservation is required to achieve results consistent with reality. During the last few decades, conventional preparation methods have provided most of the knowledge about the ultrastructure of orga...

Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) fabricated by two step anodization technique, is used as a template to synthesize FeCo nanowire arrays by AC electrodeposition technique. Response surface methodology (RSM) is applied to design the experiments, fit an empirical model and optimize the conditions to achieve the best magnetic properties. The magnetic properties, pore dimensions, composition and structur...

OBJECTIVE Pathology education includes an important visual part supporting a wide range of theoretical knowledge. However, the use of traditional microscopes in pathology education has declined over the last decade and there is a lack of interest for microscopy. Virtual microscopy, which was first described in 1985 and has experienced a revolution since 2000, is an alternative technique to conv...

A summary is presented of membrane differentiation in the prokaryotic cell, with an emphasis on the organization of proteins in the plasma/cell membrane. Many species belonging to the Eubacteria and Archaea have special membrane domains and/or membrane proliferation, which are vital for different cellular processes. Typical membrane domains are found in bacteria where a specific membrane protei...

We present a multimodal optical microscope that incorporates six imaging modalities on one common platform. The imaging modalities include three staring modes, optical quadrature microscopy (OQM), differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, and epi-fluorescence microscopy, and three scanning modes, confocal reflectance microscopy (CRM), confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM), and two-p...

Postembedding immunolabeling using resin sections is the recommended method for beginners carrying out electron microscopy (EM) immunolabeling. Postembedding labeling refers to labeling on sections, which is a method of gaining access to the interior of the cell without the harshness of detergent or ionic extraction as is performed with preembed labeling. Investigators already familiar with rou...

Proper force calibration is a critical step in atomic and lateral force microscopies (AFM/LFM). The recently published torsional Sader method [C. P. Green et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75, 1988 (2004)] facilitates the calculation of torsional spring constants of rectangular AFM cantilevers by eliminating the need to obtain information or make assumptions regarding the cantilever's material propert...