p r a c t ic e diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of endstage renal disease (ESRD) and a significant risk factor for progressive macroand microvascular disease. Increasing albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are both independent and additive risk factors for subsequent vascular complications. Given the increased risk that DKD poses for other mic...

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that characterized by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance, which associated with impaired insulin secretion peripheral sensitivity eventual b-cell dysfunction. This review summarized the major pathways leading to both microvascular macrovascular complications in DM, view of highlighting enzymes involved possible inhibition facilitatin...

cardiovascular risk in patients with type-2 diabetes were not well defined. Many thought that the elevation of blood glucose alone was the major contributing factor, whereas others believed that additional mechanisms were involved.2 Two pivotal studies—The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS)—demonstrated that microvascular (D...

OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between iron status, hereditary hemochromatosis (HFE) gene mutations, and clinical features and outcomes of type 2 diabetes in a well-characterized representative sample of community-based patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS HFE genotype data were available for 1,245 type 2 diabetic patients from the longitudinal observational Fremantle Diabetes Study (...

UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and other micro- and macrovascular complications and risk factors for type 2 diabetes. We included, in this study, 149 patients with type 2 diabetes. We evaluated their cardiovascular risk factors, demographic data, and any major micro- and macrovascular complications of their diabete...

Blood glucose control Improved blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes substantially decreased the risk of microvascular complications (retinopathy and nephropathy), but not macrovascular disease (e.g. myocardial infarction, stroke). There was no difference in overall risk reduction among the different intensive treatment groups, suggesting that improved glycaemic control was the principal fac...

BACKGROUND Macrovascular diseases (MVD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are often considered all together, without discriminating the areas involved. The aim of our study was to analyse MVD prevalence in a large population of T2DM patients by dividing the cases into subgroups according to MVD sites (NMVD, no MVD; NSCS, non-significant carotid stenosis; CBVD, cerebrovascular disease; CAD, cor...

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of chronic complications and associated factors in type 2 diabetes in 500 diabetic patients, age > or = 25 years, attending the clinic of Diabetic Association of Pakistan (DAP), Karachi. METHODS Every 5th registered diabetic patient > or = 25 years age, was examined for the presence/absence of micro and macro vascular complications and associated factors....

Diabetes mellitus and cholesterol disorders are a lethal combination that places patients with diabetes 2-4 times more at risk for developing macrovascular microvascular complications. Risk factors Hyperlipidemia include age, sex, lifestyle, metabolic conditions affect the metabolism of plasma lipoproteins, insulin deficiency. This study aims to know determine demographic data (age, length stay...