Continuum manipulators have found several applications in surgical interventions like endoscopy, laparoscopy, and as end-effectors for robots. coupled with magnetic actuation can be precisely maneuvered inside the human body. Recently, variable stiffness (VSMs) been introduced enhanced dexterity safe navigation. This study presents a new design of magnetically actuated VSM based on shape memory...

Robotic surgical systems, such as the da Vinci Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, California), have revolutionized laparoscopic surgery but are limited by large size, increased costs, and limitations in imaging. Miniature in vivo robots are being developed that are inserted entirely into the peritoneal cavity for laparoscopic and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgic...

A high-resolution miniature spectrometer has been demonstrated by utilizing a 128-channel integrated filter array, fabricated by using the combinatorial deposition technique, as a dispersive component whose passbands range from 722.0 to 880.0 nm with a bandwidth (or spectral resolution) from 1.7 to 3.8 nm and an average channel interval of 1.2 nm. The miniature spectrometer is smaller than 1 cm...

We demonstrate a miniature microfabricated saturated absorption laser spectrometer. The system consists of miniature optics, a microfabricated Rb vapor cell, heaters, and a photodetector, all contained within a volume of 0.1 cm(3). Saturated absorption spectra were measured with a diode laser at 795 nm. They are comparable to signals obtained with standard table-top setups, although the rubidiu...

The subject of the proposed research is a historical analysis works masters Palekh craft 1930s - 1970s in field design theatrical productions – little-studied phenomenon Russian folk culture twentieth century. author article draws most illustrative examples, referring to sketches created by artists for Soviet theater. Special attention study paid largest figures who worked design: I. Golikov, P...

Given the prominence and centrality of concepts such as international system or international society in the writings of classical ‘English School’-thinkers like for example Hedley Bull and Martin Wight, their strong interest in the history and evolution of international systems/ societies and their occupation with patterns of order in an anarchical international realm, the total lack of percep...

Sound reproduction in a limited space with accumulation of functions for polyphonic sound is increasing demand of 4C products. Miniature loudspeaker has to generate smooth sound pressure level (SPL) over range of 100 Hz to 10 kHz as per requirements of 4C products. In this study we reports formulation and validation of equivalent circuit model for miniature loudspeaker. This is achieved by meas...

The whole cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique was used to study the modulation gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated postsynaptic currents by ruthenium red in CA3 hippocampal neurons in slices obtained from postnatal (P) days P6-P10 old rats. In the presence of kynurenic acid (1 mM), ruthenium red (100 microM) completely blocked stimulus-elicited GABA-mediated postsynaptic current...

Since being domesticated about 10,000-12,000 years ago, domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) have been selected for traits of economic importance, in particular large body size. However, Yucatan miniature pigs have been selected for small body size to withstand high temperature environment and for laboratory use. This renders the Yucatan miniature pig a valuable model for understanding the evo...

Miniature endplate currents, recorded from voltage-clamped toad sartorius muscle fibers in solutions containing ammonium ions substituted for sodium ions, were increased in amplitude and decayed exponentially with a slower time constant than in control (Na) solution. The peak conductance of miniature endplate currents was also greater in ammonium solutions. The acetylcholine null potential was ...