Diagnosis A 12-year-old male in the late mixed dentition was referred by his dentist for orthodontic treatment. Initial examination revealed a skeletal and dental Class II malocclusion with a retrognathic mandible, a severe overbite, moderate overjet, and mild malalignment of both arches, including rotations and generalized spaces in the mandibular arch (Fig. 1). The facial type was hypodiverge...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of temporary anchorage device (TAD)-anchored maxillary protraction (MP) in terms of the skeletal and dentoalveolar changes and to compare it with traditional tooth-anchored MP. MATERIALS AND METHODS A computerized literature search for relative randomized controlled trials and prospective controlled trials was performed in PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Cent...

Caries has traditionally been assessed with WHO criteria including only obvious caries lesions. ICDAS has been developed to detect also the enamel caries lesions. This study aims to study caries and the associations of the number of caries lesions between the permanent and primary molars with ICDAS in the mixed dentition of the first and second grade primary school children. The clinical examin...

Impaction of maxillary canines is a frequently encountered clinical problem the treatment of which usually requires an interdisciplinary approach. Surgical exposure of the impacted tooth and the complex orthodontic mechanisms that are applied to align the tooth into the arch may lead to varying amounts of damage to the supporting structures of the tooth, not to mention the long treatment durati...

Most orthodontists are familiar with the difficulties associated with the treatment of Class III malocclusion, particularly when this condition is identified in patients in the late deciduous or early mixed dentition period. Such patients frequently present with maxillary skeletal retrusion, mandibular skeletal protrusion, or some combination of the two conditions. These patients also often exh...

There is still controversy regarding the efficacy of functional appliances when treating malocclusion at an early age. Although a good outcome from treatment is important, the stability of the results over time becomes a major concern. This paper presents the results of three open bite cases treated with the Bimler type-A appliance in the mixed dentition. The open bite cases presented here demo...

OBJECTIVES To identify possible esthetic canons in facial size and shape of Italian children. MATERIALS AND METHODS The three-dimensional coordinates of 50 facial landmarks (forehead, eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth, jaw, ears) were collected in 220 healthy reference children (4-9 years old) and in 89 "attractive" children of a similar age group selected by a commercial casting organization. Soft-t...

BACKGROUND The Hyrax rapid palatal expander is useful for patients in mixed dentition with premature exfoliation of some deciduous teeth and maxillary hypoplasia. This appliance, which is provided of a vestibular arm for correcting maxillary asymmetric transverse discrepancies, represents an interceptive treatment able to reduce the duration of the orthodontic therapy with fixed appliances. C...

OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to use facial analysis to determine the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on nasal morphology in children in the stages of primary and mixed dentition, with posterior cross-bite. MATERIAL AND METHODS Facial photographs (front view and profile) of 60 patients in the pre-expansion period, immediate post-expansion period and one year following ...

The midline diastema is a space (or gap) between the maxillary central incisors . The space can be a normal growth characteristic during the primary and mixed dentition and generally is closed by the time the maxillary canines erupt. Researchers and clinicians now believe that multiple factors may contribute to a midline space including abnormal frenum, midline bony clefts ,oral habits, soft ti...