The crusading movement covers about 500 years of European history; the idea affected all social groups in Europe and became an element knightly culture. This article highlights two main turning points history movement: Fourth Crusade conquest Constantinople 1204 end Latin Kingdom Jerusalem 1291. These events lead to rethinking goals, objectives, directions expanding its geography. crusades Late...

between 1941 to 1979 the modern city has been formed. urban plans are initiated in this period by the establishment of planning organization in 1948. based on such plans, the city experiences a huge expansion. modern cities like tehran became the best place to fulfill the aspirations of the residents of the surrounding towns and villages with job opportunities and better living conditions. as t...

In principle, implementation of portfolio investment strategies through market orders at the NYSE open would be problematic because of execution price uncertainty. This paper measures the impact, by comparing the actual value at the end of the trading day against the value one would have obtained if it were possible to observe opening prices when submitting orders. For positively weighted portf...

We consider a group of mean-variance investors with mimicking desire such that each investor is willing to penalize deviations of his portfolio composition from compositions of other group members. Penalizing norm constraints are already applied for statistical improvement of Markowitz portfolio procedure in order to cope with estimation risk. We relate these penalties to individuals’ wish of s...

Using the language of convex analysis we describe key results in several important areas of finance: portfolio theory, financial derivative trading and pricing and consumption based asset pricing theory. We hope to emphasize the importance of convex analysis in financial mathematics and also bring attention to researchers in convex analysis interesting issues in financial applications.