A total of six genus and eight species that belong to three family Gruidae, Otidae Rallidae, Order Gruiforms; about 39specimens which are deposited in the birds collection Iraq Natural History Research Center Museum INHM were reviewed. In current study, morphometrics seven taxidermy Gruiform birds: Common CraneGrus grus (Linnaeus, 1758), Houbara BustardChlamydotis undulata (Jacquin, 1784), Wate...

Insects require molting fluids to shed the old cuticle during molting. β-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidase, known as Hex1, together with various chitinases, is responsible for degrading the chitin component of the old cuticle. This study showed that another β-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidase, termed OfHex3, interacted with Hex1 and functioned in the molting fluid, although the homolog of OfHex3 was known as a...

The recent rapid development of single-particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) now allows structures to be solved by this method at resolutions close to 3 Å. Here, a number of tools to facilitate the interpretation of EM reconstructions with stereochemically reasonable all-atom models are described. The BALBES database has been repurposed as a tool for identifying protein folds from density...

Crustaceans are forced to fast during molting. Several physiological, metabolic and behavioral changes have been associated with starvation. Although some of these changes have been well studied, knowledge of the dynamics of fuel reserves during the molting process is limited. To understand the effects of short-term hunger stress on energy reserves, intermolt shrimpLitopenaeus vannameiwere star...

Optimal transport (OT) compares probability distributions by computing a meaningful alignment between their samples. CO-optimal (COOT) takes this comparison further inferring an features as well. While approach leads to better alignments and generalizes both OT Gromov-Wasserstein distances, we provide theoretical result showing that it is sensitive outliers are omnipresent in real-world data. T...

Although the molting cycle is a hallmark of insects and nematodes, neither the endocrine control of molting via size, stage, and nutritional inputs nor the enzymatic mechanism for synthesis and release of the exoskeleton is well understood. Here, we identify endocrine and enzymatic regulators of molting in C. elegans through a genome-wide RNA-interference screen. Products of the 159 genes disco...

1. The amount of regenerating limb tissue does not control the length of molting delay in cockroaches; rather, a programmed delay associated with each autotomy level and segment allows an appropriate delay for accomplishing the necessary regeneration. 2. Delay of molting is accomplished by inhibiting ecdysiotropin release. 3. Each regenerating limb produces a delay independent of other regenera...