While the Quasi-Monte Carlo method of numerical integration achieves smaller integration error than standard Monte Carlo, its use in particle physics phenomenology has been hindered by the abscence of a reliable way to estimate that error. The standard Monte Carlo error estimator relies on the assumption that the points are generated independently of each other and, therefore, fails to account ...

Monte Carlo methods refer to any method that uses random numbers to get an approximate answer to a problem. In computer graphics Monte Carlo techniques can be used to perform radiosity calculations and can be used in distribution ray tracing for effects such as soft shadows and motion blur. Although these notes are for a course on radiosity, they have a great deal of material from a previous Si...

Background: For an effective treatment planning in brachytherapy, it is necessary to know the accurate source dosimetric information such as air kerma strength, exposure rate constant, dose rate constant and redial dose distribution. The usual method to determine these factors is thermo luminescent dosimeter (TLD) dosimetry. Nowadays, another more accurate method is known to be the Monte Carlo ...

medicinal chemistry depends on many other disciplines ranging from organic chemistry andpharmacology to computational chemistry. typically medicinal chemists use the moststraightforward ways to prepare compounds. the validation of any design project comes from thebiological testing.studies of the binding site of vinblastine by a single cross—linking experiment identified it asbeing between resi...

in this paper, an interval approach is presented to achieve perfect selectivity and maximum sensitivity in distance relay zones, considering uncertainties. for this purpose, first, the uncertainties affecting the settings of the three zones of a distance relay are discussed. then, by using the monte-carlo simulation, the uncertainties are modelled and the impedances seen by the distance relay a...

background: small photon fields are increasingly used in modern radiotherapy especially in intensity modulated radiation therapy (imrt) and stereotactic radiosurgery (srs) treatments. accurate beam profile and central axis depth doses measurements of such beams are complicated due to the electron disequilibrium. hence the ebt2 (external beam therapy) gafchromic film was used for dosimetry of sm...

background: gold nanoparticles (gnps) have been shown as a good radiosensitizer. in combination with radiotherapy, several studies with orthovoltage x-rays have shown considerable dose enhancement effects. this paper reports the dose enhancement factor (def) due to gnps in 18 megavoltage (mv) beams. materials and methods: different geometrical 50-nm gnps configurations at a concentration of 5 m...

background: prediction of the absorbed dose in irradiated volume plays an important role in the outcome of radiotherapy. application of small fields for radiotherapy of thorax makes the dose calculation process inaccurate due to the existence of electronic disequilibrium and intrinsic deficiencies in dose calculation algorithms. to study the lung absorbed dose in radiotherapy with small fields,...

background: exposure conditions in ct examinations are quite different from conventional xray. in ct examination higher dose is given to patient in comparison with the dose in other diagnostic examinations. in order to calculate organ effective dose in chest ct, monte carlo simulation has been used in this study. materials and methods: the impact survey data were used to determine the parameter...