‘abd al-wahhāb b. aḥmad sha‘rānī (898-973/1492-1565) is to be considered as one of the most important advocates of muḥyī al-dīn ibn ‘arabī (560-638/1164-1240). he has written significant books in defense of and under the inspiration of ibn ‘arabī, the most important of which that can be mentioned are al-yawāqīt wa al-jawāhir, al-kibrīt al-aḥmar, and al-qawā‘id al-kashfiyya. it is worth mentioni...

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi 780-850 AD The word " algebra " is taken from the title of one of his books.

This study analyzes the conception of gharar , which is generally translated as either risk or uncertainty, in post-formative Islamic commercial law. According to Muslim jurists, gharar arises from uncertainty in commercial transactions. However, unlike other areas of the Islamic intellectual tradition in which uncertainty engenders errors, the uncertainty associated with gharar enables jurists...

Ibn Cena (1020 A.D.) described the anatomy of the human heart, ascending aorta and the inferior vein, and postulated anastomoses of the arteries with the veins in the extremeties to keep. the blood in circulation and suggested the presence Qf interatrial communication during the earlier stages of life. Abu Sahl Masihi (1027 A.D., elucidated the vena caval drainage into the right ventricle and t...

Abū ‘Alī ibn Sīnā (d. 428/1027) is regarded as the most influential philosopher in Islamic intellectual history. Of his numerous contributions, none has garnered more attention than ontological proof for existence of God, known ‘the Demonstration Truthful’ (Burhān al-ṣiddiqīn). In this proof, Ibn argues that only one being can be ‘necessarily existent’ (wājib al-wujūd). He goes on to say all at...