BACKGROUND Research on human infants, mammals, birds and fish has demonstrated that rudimentary numerical abilities pre-date the evolution of human language. Yet there is controversy as to whether animals represent numbers mentally or rather base their judgments on non-numerical perceptual variables that co-vary with numerosity. To date, mental representation of number has been convincingly doc...

Understanding the invasion success of alien species includes developing knowledge on how biological traits their populations respond to spatial differences in environmental conditions. For invasive fishes, while influence latitudinal and climatic gradients over large scales is well established, there less certainty these vary smaller scales. Here, we tested a geographic gradient reproductive bo...

Assembly Bill 1982 provides funding to implement mosquito best management practices (BMPs) at wildlife areas managed by the California Department of Fish and Game. The first year of the program is 2005-2006. A protocol for sampling immature mosquitoes (larvae and pupae) is outlined in this document. The document is intended to focus on three wildlife areas, but is likely applicable to other wil...