A method of quantum annealing (QA) using Kerr-nonlinear parametric oscillators (KPOs) was proposed. This is described by bosonic operators and has different characteristics from QA based on the transverse-field Ising model. As first step to describe this in conventional framework QA, we propose effective spin models KPOs. The are obtained via a variant Holstein-Primakoff transformation spin-$s$...

In this paper we treat question answering (QA) as a classification problem. Our motivation is to build systems for many languages without the need for highly tuned linguistic modules. Consequently, word tokens and web data are used extensively but no explicit linguistic knowledge is incorporated. A mathematical model for answer retrieval, answer classification and answer length prediction is de...

Recently, we can acquire immence amount of information thanks to the spread of a computer and internet. Therefore, technology for finding the information that a user desires becomes more and more important. A question answering (QA) system answers a question written by natural language in contrast to conventional information retrieval systems where a user expresses his information need by keywo...

The TREC question answering (QA) track was the first large-scale evaluation of open-domain question answering systems. In addition to successfully fostering research on the QA task, the track has also been used to investigate appropriate evaluation methodologies for question answering systems. This paper gives a brief history of the TREC QA track, motivating the decisions made in its implementa...

Information Retrieval (IR) and Answer Extraction are often designed as isolated or loosely connected components in Question Answering (QA), with repeated overengineering on IR, and not necessarily performance gain for QA. We propose to tightly integrate them by coupling automatically learned features for answer extraction to a shallow-structured IR model. Our method is very quick to implement, ...

Question Answering (QA) systems are the next generation of search technology. A QA system exploits more information about a user’s intention, returning the exact answer to a users query. A crucial component of a QA system is Question Classification (QC), which involves determining the type of information the question is requesting. QC narrows the scope of processing within a QA. For example, “W...

In this note, we show that, if A kQA/IA is a schurian strongly simply connected algebra given by its normed presentation, and is the unique poset whose Hasse quiver coincides with QA, then A k if and only if IA has a generating set consisting of exactly QA elements, where QA is the Euler characteristic of QA. We also prove that a quotient of an incidence algebra A = k /J is strongly simply conn...

Quality assurance (QA) systems for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) have become standard tools in modern clinical medical physics departments. However, because formalized industry standards or recommendations from professional societies have yet to be defined, methods of IMRT QA analysis vary from institution to institution. Understanding where matters stand today is an important st...

IMRT QA requires, among other tests, a time-consuming process of measuring the absorbed dose, at least to a point, in a high-dose, low-dose-gradient region. Some clinics use a technique of measuring this dose with all beams delivered at a single gantry angle (collapsed delivery), as opposed to the beams delivered at the planned gantry angle (rotated delivery). We examined, established, and opti...

Scenario Question Answering is a relatively new direction in Question Answering (QA) research that presents a number of challenges for evaluation. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive evaluation strategy for Scenario QA, including a methodology for building reusable test collections for Scenario QA and metrics for evaluating system performance over such test collections. Using this methodo...