*Lehrstuhl für Zellphysiologie, Ruhr-Universität, D-44780 Bochum, Germany; †Zentrum für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Georg-August Universität, D-37073 Göttingen, Germany; ‡Center for Basic Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Genetics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; and §Molekulare Neurobiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Ex...

The term kindling refers to the gradual development of epileptiform activity as a result of repeated, spaced stimulations of specific brain regions e.g. amygdala, hippocampus. cerebral cortex. Electrically kindled seizures are a valuable model of human complex partial epilepsy and evidence is accumulating for an involvement of excitatory amino acids (EAAs), and in particular glutamate. in this ...

알코올 의존은 평생 유병율 도 높은 편이고 적절한 치 [6] , 료 후에도 많은 환자가 재발을 경험하게 되는 단주 유지가 쉽지 않은 질환이다 따라서 알코올 의존의 치료 중에서 [9]. 재발예방을 위한 연구가 중요하며 알코올 의존의 재발 예방 , 에 대한 치료는 크게 심리 사회학적 치료와 생물학적 치료로 구분된다. 한편 실험동물에서 대뇌의 어떤 특정 부위에 자극을 가할 , 경우 이러한 자극을 더 원하게 된다는 와 의 Olds Milner [10] 결과로부터 대뇌 보상 경로가 있다는 것이 밝혀진 후 복측피 , 개지역 에서 측좌핵 (ventral tegmental area; VTA) (nucleus ac으로 가는 성 경로가 대뇌 보상 경로 cumbens; NA) dopamine 중 가장 중요한 경로로 알려져...

Much evidence points to the involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the development and maintainance of neuropathic pain. In neuropathic pain, there is generally involved a presumed opioid-insensitive component, which apparently can be blocked by NMDA receptor antagonists. However, in order to obtain complete analgesia, a combination of an NMDA receptor antagonist and an opioid ...

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are glutamate-gated ion channels with complex participation in synaptic transmission, integration, and plasticity. They are highly permeable to Ca(2+), activate with characteristic kinetics, and generate currents with distinct amplitudes according to stimulation frequency. Multiple endogenous and pharmacological agents bind at distinct locations throughout ...

OBJECTIVE To discuss the differential diagnosis of encephalitis beyond that of infectious etiology and to inform pediatricians about the possibility of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) encephalitis in children by highlighting its most important clinical features. DESCRIPTION Three patients presented with an initial neuropsychiatric syndrome followed by encephalopathy and movement di...

The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) requires both NR1 and NR2 subunits to form a functional ion channel. Despite the recent advances in our understanding of the contributions of these different subunits to both the function and pharmacology of the NMDAR, the precise subunit stoichiometry of the receptor and the regions of the subunits governing subunit interactions remain unclear. Since N...