This work proposes a critical, non systematic, review of the three main lines of health policy interventions to deal with risky behaviours, such as over-eating, smoking, sedentary lives, and excess alcohol drinking, namely: i) the release of information on health risks and consequences; ii) the use of incentives; and iii) direct policy intervention in markets, through regulation and taxation. F...

this paper explores people’s behavior when they are facing financial risks. through the setting of an economics experiment, people’s willingness to bear financial risks and their tendency to impose risks on others are investigated. the experiment result shows that most people are risk-neutral or risk-averse when making decision under financial environment, and their tendency to impose risks on ...

in this paper, we present a fourth order method for computing simple roots of nonlinear equations by using suitable taylor and weight function approximation. the method is based on weerakoon-fernando method [s. weerakoon, g.i. fernando, a variant of newton's method with third-order convergence, appl. math. lett. 17 (2000) 87-93]. the method is optimal, as it needs three evaluations per ite...

The epidemiologist primarily studies transitions between states of health and disease. The purpose of the present article is to define a foundational parameter for such studies, namely risk. We begin simply and build to the setting in which there is more than 1 event type (i.e., competing risks or competing events), as well as more than 1 treatment or exposure level of interest. In the presence...

Risks are unavoidable in systems engineering projects due to emerging changes during the lifetime of projects. Changes in activities and peoples’ roles are usually not free from conflicts, which in some cases if not dealt adequately, increase the project failure risks and could bring the whole project to a standstill. Herein, we present a method that examines the impact of change to project's d...

Discussions of the environmental risks and benefits of adopting genetically engineered organisms are highly polarized between pro- and anti-biotechnology groups, but the current state of our knowledge is frequently overlooked in this debate. A review of existing scientific literature reveals that key experiments on both the environmental risks and benefits are lacking. The complexity of ecologi...

The general framework developed for assessing chemical risks was applied to twelve chemical substances, namely, radon, formaldehyde, dioxins, cadmium, toluene, chlorpyirofs, arsenic, benzene, mercury, xylene, DDT, and chlordane. In the framework, loss of life expectancy (LLE) was adopted as a measure of risks and individual variabilities in exposure, metabolism, and sensitivity were taken into ...

Volumes of foreign direct investments (FDI) are growing steadily, however, transition economies, such as Russia, are attracting only a minor share of FDI despite of available potentials. Risk aversion is one of the reasons influencing decision-making processes of FDI investors. This paper reviews existing objective and subjective risks, which impact decisions regarding FDI. The results of the p...

precise identification of the risks of power plants as a part of a comprehensive safety analysis is recommended by monitoring organizations. assessment and risk management techniques in industrial activities through the use of preventive approach to identify hazards , assess and control safety - health risks unit is studied. in this study, risks and effects of abadan gas power plant were studie...