Rainforest fragmentation drastically affects biodiversity and species composition, mainly due to habitat loss. Several studies have already shown the effects of forest on plant ant communities. To date, however, there is limited empirical knowledge how ant-plant interaction in networks. We investigated configuration rainforest fragments structure networks mediated by extrafloral nectaries (EFNs...

Abstract Plants engage in many processes and relationships that appear to be wasteful of the high-energy compounds they produce through carbon fixation photosynthesis. For example, living trees keep leafless tree stumps alive ( i.e. respiring) support shaded understory by sharing carbohydrates root grafts or mycorrhizal fungal networks. exude a diverse array organic from their roots leaves, whi...