Pulmonary atresia may occur with a normal or an abnormal aortic root; in either case the presence of a collateral circulation to the lungs is obligatory for survival. This may be via a patent ductus arteriosus, if the main branches of the pulmonary artery are developed, by enlarged bronchial arteries anastomosing with the pulmonary artery branches or supplying the lungs direct, or by means of s...

Martin-Gruber anastomosis (MGA) is a well described anostomosis between the median and ulnar nerves in various levels. MGA involves axons leaving either the main trunk of median nerve or the anterior interosseous nerve, crossing through the forearm to join the ulnar nerve and it’s insidence was reported as %10-40. The incidence of this anastomosis is important so that it can cause confusion in ...

When the radial artery is used as a conduit for the postero-lateral branches, simple aorto-coronary bypass is sometimes impossible in a hypertrophic heart because of its limited length. Passing the graft through the oblique sinus, and making the proximal anastomosis on the right side of the ascending aorta, the postero-lateral branches can be revascularized with a short graft even for a dilated...

The generation and development of muscle cells in the IVth hindlimb lumbrical muscle of the rat was studied following total or partial denervation. Denervation was carried out by injection of beta-bungarotoxin (beta-BTX), a neurotoxin which binds to and destroys peripheral nerves. Primary myotubes were generated in denervated muscles and reached their normal stable number on embryonic day 17 (E...

The tracheal (respiratory) system of Drosophila melanogaster is a branched network of epithelial tubes that ramifies throughout the body and transports oxygen to the tissues. It forms by a series of sequential branching events in each hemisegment from T2 to A8. Here we present a cellular and initial genetic analysis of the branching process. We show that although branching is sequential it is n...

Architectural analyses of temperate tree species using a chronological approach suggest that the expression of epicormic branches is closely related to low growth rates in the axes that make up the branching system. Therefore, sole consideration of epicormic criteria may be sufficient to identify trees with low secondary growth levels or with both low primary and secondary growth levels. In a t...

Secondary degeneration occurs commonly in the central nervous system after traumatic injuries and following acute and chronic diseases, including glaucoma. A constellation of mechanisms have been shown to be associated with secondary degeneration including apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, derangements in ionic homeostasis and calcium influx. Glial cells, such as...

BACKGROUND Cervical anastomosis and thoracic anastomosis are used for gastric tube reconstruction after esophagectomy for cancer. This systematic review was conducted in order to identify randomized trials that compare cervical with thoracic anastomosis. METHODS A literature search for randomized trials was performed in the following databases: Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library. RESU...

Nerve transfers for peripheral nerve injuries have become increasingly popular over the past two decades. While techniques ulnar repair been well-documented, more recent median and radial branch reinnervation are still being explored. This review describes outcomes of common emerging distal branches nerves.

THE development of ultrafine surgical sutures with low tissue reactivity, more efficient optical equipment, and specialized microsurgical instrumentation has produced important advances in morphologic and functional recovery of peripheral nerves. Studies have shown that appropriate axonal apposition, minimal manipulation, and sustentation of nervous tissue can contribute to nerve regeneration. ...